UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS. 


COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


REPORT  OF  PROGRESS  IN  CEREAL 

INVESTIGATIONS. 


By  G.  W.  SHAW. 


BULLETIN    No.    185. 

(Berkeley,  Cal.,  January,  1907.) 


SACRAMENTO: 

W.    W.    SHANNON,        I       :       :      SUPERINTENDENT    OF    STATE    PRINTING. 

1907. 


BENJAMIN  IDE  WHEELER,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  President  of  the   University. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF. 

E.  J.  WICKSON,  M.A.,  Acting  Director  and  Horticulturist. 

E.  W.  HILGARD,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Chemist. 

W.   A.   SETCHELL,   Ph.D.,   Botanist. 

ELWOOD  MEAD,   M.S.,   C.E.,   Irrigation  Engineer. 

C.  W.  WOODWORTH,  M.S.,  Entomologist. 

R.  H.  LOUGHRIDGE,  Ph.D.,  Agricultural  Geologist  and  Soil  Physicist.    (Soils,  Alkali.) 

M.  E.  JAFFA,  M.S.,  Nutrition  Expert,  in  charge  of  the  Poultry  Station. 

G.  W.  SHAW,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Agricultural  Technologist,  in  charge  of  Cereal  Stations. 

GEORGE  E.  COLBY,  M.S.,  Chemist.     (Fruits,  Waters,  Insecticides.) 

RALPH  E.  SMITH,  B.S.,  Plant  Pathologist  and  Superintendent  of  Southern  California 
Pathological  Laboratory  and  Experiment  Stations. 

A.  R.  WARD,  B.S.A.,  D.V.M.,  Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 

E.  W.  MAJOR,  B.Agr.,  Animal  Industry. 

F.  T.  BIOLETTI,  M.S.,  Viticulturist.      (Grapes,  Wine,  and  Zymology.) 
H.  M.  HALL,  M.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

H.  J.  QUAYLE,  A.B.,  Assistant  Entomologist. 

JOHN  S.  BURD,  B.S.,  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Fertiliser  Control. 

C.  M.  HARING,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 
E.  H.   SMITH,  M.S.,         \ 

H.  J.  RAMSEY,  M.S.,     (     Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

T.   F.  HUNT,   B.S.,  \ 

R.  E.  MANSELL,  Assistant  in  Horticulture  in  charge  of  Central  Station  Grounds. 

G.  R.  STEWART,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Station  Laboratory. 
. ,  Assistant  in  Soil  Laboratory. 

RALPH  BENTON,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 

LUDWIG  ROSENSTEIN,  Laboratory  Assistant  in  Fertilizer  Control. 

ALFRED  TOURNIER,  Assistant  in  Viticulture. 

HANS  C.  HOLM,  Student  Assistant  in  Zymology. 

A.  J.  GAUMNITZ,  M.S.,  Assistant  in  Cereal  Laboratory. 

J.  C.  BRADLEY,  A.B.,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 

D.  L.  BUNNELL,  Clerk  to  the  Director. 


JOHN  TUOHY,  Patron,  ) 

>  Tulare  Substation,  Tulare. 
J.  T.  BEARSS,  Foreman,         ) 

J.  W.  MILLS,  Horticultural  Assistant  in  Southern  California,  Riverside. 

J.   W.   ROPER,   Patron,  )  .. 

>  University  Forestry   Station,   Chico. 
E.   C.  MILLER  In  charge,       $ 

ROY  JONES,  Patron,  )  n     A.         _  __      . 

>  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica. 
N.  D.  INGHAM,  Foreman,      ) 

VINCENT  J.  HUNTLEY,  Foreman  of  California  Poultry  Experiment  Station,  Petaluma. 


The   Station   publications    (Reports   and   Bulletins),   so    long    as 
available,  will  be  sent  to  any  citizen  of  the  State  on  application. 


CEREAL  INVESTIGATIONS. 


ByG.  W.  SHAW. 


ORGANIZATION. 

In  the  strenuous  endeavor  to  introduce  into  California  new  crops,  and 
to  hasten  the  time  when  the  extensive  system  of  wheat  farming  shall 
give  place  to  the  more  intensive  culture  of  fruits  and  numerous  other 
crops  suited  to  more  limited  areas,  the  underlying  principles  which 
make  for  profit  in  the  culture  of  cereals  have  been  well  nigh  lost  sight  of 
until  neither  the  quality  nor  the  quantity  of  our  wheat  is  what  it  might  be. 

The  quality  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  more  advanced  demands  of 
the  milling  and  the  baking  trades.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  true  that 
notwithstanding  the  heavy  production  and  exportation  of  wheat  in  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1905,  we  were  under  the  necessity  of  importing,  to 
maintain  the  flour  trade,  4,006,680  bushels  of  foreign-grown  wheat. 

Could  we  stop  these  importations  and  supply  the  milling  trade  entirely 
from  California-grown  wheat  it  would  mean  a  saving  to  our  people  of 
over  $1,500,000  annually  now  passing  out  of  the  State. 

The  particular  feature  which  has  dominated  wheat  culture  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  generally,  has  been  mass  production, 
rather  than  maximum  product  per  unit  of  area,  or  quality  of  the 
product.  But  with  the  inevitable  ultimate  deterioration  of  soil  under 
such  a  system,  heightened  by  the  encroachment  of  other  crops,  and  the 
continued  open  culture  practiced  with  this  crop,  there  has  been  a 
notable  falling  ofT  in  the  production  in  toto,  as  well  as  in  the  yield  per 
acre,  during  recent  years. 

While  wheat  farming  on  an  extensive  scale  is  not  a  thing  to  be  highly 
encouraged  when  the  natural  conditions  are  such  as  to  make  more 
intensive  crops  safe,  yet  it  is  still,  and  is  destined  to  be  for  all  time,  a 
very  important  industry  in  California ;  and  as  one  of  the  staple  crops 
of  a  general  farm,  is  worthy  of  not  only  much  encouragement,  but  also 
the  greatest  aid  that  can  be  given  it  by  scientific  research.  Further,  on 
account  of  climatic  and  other  conditions,  there  will  be,  at  least  for  many 
years  to  come,  sections  of  the  State  in  which  cereal  culture  will  be  the 
principal  interest. 

With  these  conditions  in  mind,  and  mindful  as  well  of  the  great 
improvement  that  has  been  brought  about  in  the  Middle  West  in  this 
and  related  lines,  the  writer,  as  representative  of  the  Experiment  Station, 
in  the  fall  of  1904,  undertook  to  unite  various  interests  in  the  State,  viz  , 
the  millers,  shippers,  and  growers,  as  well  as  such  commercial  bodies  as 
the  Merchants'  Exchange,  State  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Sacramento 


262  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT     STATION. 

Valley  Development  Association,  in  a  concerted  movement  toward  cereal 
improvement.  Through  the  active  and  substantial  aid  of  all  these  parties 
and  organizations,  the  Experiment  Station  was  enabled  to  begin  active 
work  toward  cereal  improvement  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  the  chief  points 
in  view  being  to  discover  or  produce  such  wheat  as  (1)  will  yield  the 
largest  profit  per  acre  for  the  farmer,  and  will  supply  the  millers  with 
wheat  of  superior  quality;  (2)  to  conduct  such  similar  experiments 
with  oats,  barley,  and  other  cereals,  as  may  be  desirable;  (3)  to 
determine  the  effectiveness  of  various  methods  of  culture  as  affecting 
the  cereal  industry;  (4)  to  determine  the  effect  of  changes  of  environ- 
ment upon  the  growth  of  cereals,  particularly  the  composition  of  the 
wheat  kernel.  , 

As  a  result  of  private  subscription,  funds  were  made  available  to  par- 
tially equip  two  field  stations  in  the  large  wheat-growing  sections  of  the 
State,  and  a  cereal  laboratory  where  milling  and  baking  tests,  as  well  as 
the  necessary  chemical  work  connected  with  the  investigations,  may  be 
conducted. 

Realizing  the  importance  of  this  movement  to  the  State  generally  the 
Legislature  at  its  session  of  1905  passed  the  following  Act,  which  was 
promptly  signed  by  the  Governor: 

[Senate  Bill  No.  10.] 
An  Act  to  Provide  for  the  Improvement  of  the  Cereal  Crops  of  California,  and 

Appropriating  Money  Therefor. 
The  people  of  the  State  of  California,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly ,  do  enact  as  follows : 

Section  1.  The  Governor  of  the  State  of  California  is  hereby  directed,  and  it  is  hereby 
made  his  duty  to  cause  to  be  made,  under  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the  Director 
of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  California,  such  investiga- 
tion and  experiments  as  he  may  deem  best  for  the  purpose- of  discovering  and  making 
known  such  improved  methods  of  cereal  culture  in  the  State  of  California  as  will 
increase  the  yield  of  cereals  in  said  State,  and  increase  the  percentage  of  gluten  in  said 
cereals,  or  otherwise  improve  the  quality  thereof.  The  said  Governor  shall  have  the 
exclusive  charge  and  control  of  all  moneys  appropriated  hereby,  to  be  used  in  employ- 
ing such  expert  and  scientific  assistants  as  he  may  deem  necessary,  and  for  the  paying 
of  the  expenses  of  carrying  on  the  experiments  and  investigations  herein  provided  for. 
He  shall  from  time  to  time  publish  the  results  of  such  experimental  and  investigational 
work  as  may  have  been  done,  for  general  distribution. 

Sec.  2.  The  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is 
hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  State  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropri- 
ated, to  be  paid  to  the  Governor  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act,  one  half  thereof 
to  be  expended  during  the  fifty-seventh  fiscal  year,  and  one  half  thereof  to  be  expended 
during  the  fifty-eighth  fiscal  year,  and  the  Controller  is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his 
warrant  on  the  General  Fund  from  time  to  time  for  such  proportion  of  said  sum  of  ten 
thousand  dollars,  and  in  favor  of  such  persons  as  the  Governor  shall  direct;  and  the 
State  Treasurer  is  hereby  empowered  and  directed  to  pay  the  same. 

Sec  3.  This  Act  is  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  section  six  hundred  and 
seventy-two  of  the  Political  Code. 

Sec  4.    This  Act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  the  date  of  its  passage. 

Assured  of  this  ready  support  the  Station  was  able  to  plan  its  work 
upon   a  more  comprehensive  scale  than  at  first  contemplated,  and  at 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  263 

once     entered   into   a   cooperative  agreement   with    the  United   States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  the  provisions  of  which  are  set  forth  below: 

I.  That  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  governing  board,  shall  provide  the  necessary  land  and  buildings,  teams,  machinery 
for  planting,  cultivating,  harvesting,  and  threshing,  and  all  ordinary  labor,  apparatus, 
and  other  supplies,  and  shall  make  available  for  use  seeds  of  varieties  already  undei 
experiment  and  results  obtained  from  experiments  conducted  at  the  main  Station. 

II.  The  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  shall,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  furnish  seed  of  all  hybrids  and  standard  varieties  now  in  its  possession 
that  are  likely  to  be  at  all  adapted  for  these  experiments,  and  seed  of  any  other  new 
varieties  of  similar  adaptation,  and  shall  provide  for  one  special  agent  to  be  in  direct 
charge  of  the  field  plat  experiments,  variety  tests,  breeding  work,  etc.,  the  personnel  of 
the  special  agent  to  be  determined  by  mutual  agreement. 

III.  The  investigations  carried  on  under  this  cooperative  memorandum  shall  be 
planned  and  conducted  conjointly  by  the  duly  authorized  representatives  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Agricultural  Experiment  Station  and  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  and  shall  be 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  proper  authorities  in  each  case. 

IV.  The  seeds  of  all  new  varieties  of  special  value  developed  during  these  investiga- 
tions shall  be  distributed  in  the  localities  in  which  they  prove  to  be  of  value,  but  particu- 
larly in  the  State  of  California,  the  distribution  to  be  made  in  accordance  with  such  plan 
as  may  be  jointly  agreed  to  by  the  Station  and  the  Bureau.  In  the  larger  plat-tests  of 
introduced  varieties  one  half  the  amount  of  grain  produced  from  each  variety  in  excess 
of  the  seed  required  for  a  second  sowing,  in  all  cases  where  the  seed  came  from  the 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  shall  be  subject  to  the  disposal  of  the  Bureau,  the  other  half 
to  remain  the  property  of  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station ;  provided,  that 
when  sown  under  field  conditions  in  areas  of  two  acres  or  more,  and  the  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry  bearing  no  expense  in  the  cultivation  of  the  crop,  all  seed  harvested  shall  belong 
to  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  after  deducting  the  amount  of  seed 
originally  furnished  by  the  Bureau;  provided  further,  that  in  case  the  seed  is  not  desired 
for  distribution  the  whole  will  revert  to  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
and  said  Station  agrees  to  apply  the  proceeds  from  any  grain  sold  from  these  coopera- 
tive plats  to  the  continuation  of  such  experimental  work. 

V.  At  the  close  of  each  season's  experiments  a  report  in  detail  of  the  results  of  the 
season's  work  shall  be  submitted  bv  the  special  agent  in  direct  charge  of  the  field  work, 
one  copy  each  to  be  furnished  to  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  and  to  the  California 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  So  far  as  possible  threshed  samples  of  the  grain  of 
all  varieties  under  experiment  and  unthreshed  samples,  when  particularly  desirable, 
shall  accompany  the  report  in  each  case,  such  report  and  samples  to  be  delivered  not 
later  than  October  first  of  that  year. 

VI.  Both  parties  to  the  agreement  shall  be  free  to  use  in  their  official  correspond- 
ence and  in  publications  the  results  obtained  in  these  investigations,  giving  proper 
credit  to  the  fact  that  such  results  were  obtained  through  this  cooperative  work,  and 
provided  that  it  shall  be  understood,  in  case  of  publications,  that  the  California  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station  shall  give  preference  to  results  that  are  of  direct  interest 
to  the  State  of  California,  and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  shall  give 
preference  to  results  that  are  of  interest  in  ^connection  with  similar  lines  of  work  in 
other  parts  of  the  country. 

Under  this  agreement  Mr.  L.  A.  Fitz  was  detailed  by  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  as  the  special  agent  on  its  behalf,  and  Prof.  A.V.  Stuben- 
rauch  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  cultural  work  on  behalf  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Station,  the  writer  remaining  in  charge  of  the  chemical  and 
technical  phases. 

Previous  to  the  appropriation  made  by  the  Legislature,  the  work  had 
been  started  under  private  subscription,  as  indicated  earlier  in  this 
circular,  and  it  so  continued  until  June  30,  1905,  at  which  time  the 


264  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

writer  was  placed  in  charge  of  both  field  and  technical  phases  on  the 
part  of  the  Station.  On  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  season  when 
the  work  was  begun  in  1904,  and  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  actual  sup- 
port which  "could  be  depended  upon,  no  other  lines  of  field  work  were 
laid  out  than  simple  variety  tests  as  to  adaptability  (preliminary  to 
systematic  work  in  selection),  hybridizing,  and  adaptation,  such  pre- 
liminary work  in  the  field  being  essential  in  order  to  make  certain  of 
securing  desirable  varieties  and  vigorous  stocks  as  a  basis  for  improve- 
ment. 

Two  sites  of  twenty  acres  each  were  selected  on  which  to  conduct  the 
field  trials — one  at  Modesto,  Stanislaus  County,  as  representative  of  the 
general  cereal  conditions  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  the  other  at 
Yuba  City,  Sutter  County,  representing  those  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 
Leases  were  taken  on  each  of  these  tracts  for  a  period  of  years  at  the 
option  of  the  Station,  and  work  was  immediately  begun,  even  though  it 
was  late  in  the  season. 

After  the  first  season,  on  account  of  the  extreme  weediness  of  the 
original  tract  selected  at  Yuba  City,  it  was  deemed  best  to  change  the 
location  of  the  station  to  another  site  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
and  having  the  same  general  soil  conditions. 

GENERAL  NATURE  OF  THE  SOILS  OF  THE  STATIONS. 

The  soil  at  the  Modesto  station  is  of  a  deep,  loose,  silty  nature,  very 
similar  to  those  popularly  known  as  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  u  white 
ash  "  lands.  There  is  a  very  small  amount  of  clay  in  these  lands,  the 
fine  matter  consisting  mostly  of  silt.  The  land  has  been  under  cereal 
cultivation  for  thirty  years  or  over,  and  still  produces  fair  crops  when 
summer-fallowed.  The  humus  and  the  phosphoric  acid  content  is  quite 
low,  and  the  moisture-holding  power  is  low,  especially  under  the  strong 
action  of  the  drying  north  winds,  which  frequently  blow  for  several  days 
at  a  time  in  that  locality.  It  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  wheat- 
growing  sections  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  is  typical  of  a  large 
area  of  land. 

The  soil  at  Yuba  City  in  its  general  physical  character  is  almost  the 
opposite  of  that  at  Modesto.  It  is  gray  in  color,  and  works  very  much 
like  a  stiff  clay,  but  in  reality  the  fine  material  is  an  extremely  fine 
silt.  Under  the  drying  action  of  the  sun  and  wind  it  is  inclined  to  bake 
quite  hard,  and  is  quite  difficult  to  work  unless  taken  at  exactly  the 
right  time.  It  can  not  safely  be  put  in  so  fine  a  condition  as  can  the 
Modesto  land.  The  land  has  been  long  under  cultivation.  It  is  fairly 
well  supplied  with  humus,  resulting  from  the  rank  growth  of  vegetation 
after  the  crop  is  taken  off,  the  bur-clover  growth  being  especially  heavy. 
The  tract  is  quite  even  in  character,  but  the  weediness  of  the  land  makes 
plat  comparison  somewhat  unsatisfactory.  Really  satisfactory  plat 
work  can  not  be  done  until  a  tract  can  be  cleaned  of  its  weeds.     This  is 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  265 

especially  true  when  small  plats  are  used,  as  in  the  case  of  centgener 
plats,  and  for  this  reason  most  of  such  work  is  being  done  at  Modesto 
where  the  weeds  are  not  so  troublesome. 

On  each  of  the  stations  a  portable  house  has  been  erected  to  serve  as 
a  seed-house  and  for  the  protection  of  the  implements.  Each  station 
has  also  been  supplied  with  such  necessary  tools  as  could  not  be  readily 
hired  in  the  open  market,  including,  in  addition  to  the  hand  tools  for 


FIG.  1.    Seed-house  and  thresher  at  the  California  Cereal  Stations. 

seeding  and  cultivating  the  row  plantings,  a  self-binding  harvester,  a 
special  "Baby  Vibrator"  threshing  machine,  a  gasoline  engine  for  power, 
fanning  mill  and,  for  the  Modesto  station,  a  Campbell  sub-surface  packer 
for  dry  land  culture. 

WORK  OF  1904-5. 

On  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  season,  it  was  impracticable  to  under- 
take other  field  work  for  the  first  season  than  the  collection  and  field 
trial  of  varieties.  Further,  since  the  plan  contemplates  the  application 
of  the  principles  of  both  straight  selection  and  of  crossing  followed  by 
selection,  it  was  necessary  to  thoroughly  try  out  the  numerous  varieties 
to  secure  the  really  strong  stocks  upon  which  to  begin  this  work  of 
improvement.  Such  preliminary  trials  are  as  essential  to  plant  breed- 
ing as  the  laying  of  the  foundation  of  a  house  is  to  its  subsequent 
stability.  The  strongest  individual  plants  of  the  most  promising  varieties 
must  be  found  to  act  as  the  parents  for  future  breeding.  Otherwise  all 
might  be  lost  through  having  selected  poor  varieties,  weak  plants,  or 
both,  as  the  basis  for  selection  and  breeding.  A  large  part  of  the  field 
work  at  both  stations  has  been  devoted  for  the  past  two  seasons  to  this 
preliminary  variety  testing,  the  selection  of  pure  strains  and  of  strong 


266  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

individual  plants.  On  account  of  the  delay  at  first,  and  finally  the 
continued  rains  in  the  late  fall,  it  became  impossible  to  prepare  the  land 
and  sow  the  grain  sufficiently  early  to  obtain  any  satisfactory  results 
from  the  winter  varieties,  as  was  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  many  of 
that  class  of  wheats  made  no  upright  growth  at  all,  while  the  spring 
varieties  and  durum  wheats  planted  at  the  same  time  produced  good 
heads. 

In  1904-5  there  were  planted  at  the  Yuba  City  station  275  standard 
varieties  of  winter  wheat,  65  standard  varieties  of  durum  wheats,  66 
hybrid  wheats,  65  standard  varieties  of  barley,  12  standard  varieties  of 
oats,  2  varieties  of  einkorn,  2  varieties  of  emmer,  and  21  varieties  of 
corn.  With  the  exception  of  the  corn  varieties,  the  plantings  at  Modesto 
were  almost  an  exact  duplication  of  those  at  Yuba  City. 

Early  in  the  season  it  became  apparent  that  the  tract  at  Yuba  City 
was  so  very  foul  with. weeds,  especially  wild  radish  and  mustard,  that 
it  would  be  impossible  to  obtain  any  reliable  results  from  the  yield  tests. 
All  winter  varieties  make  a  low,  spreading  growth  for  the  first  few 
months,  consequently  these  late-sown  grains  were  soon  badly  overgrown 
with  weeds.  This  foul  condition  of  the  land  will  be  one  of  the  chief  diffi- 
culties to  be  overcome  in  many  localities  before  winter  varieties  of  grain 
can  be  successfully  grown  in  California.  Varieties  which  were  of  the 
nature  of  spring  grains  made  a  more  rapid  upright  growth,  which 
enabled  them  to  keep  the  weeds  somewhat  in  check. 

This  was  a  strong  point  in  favor  of  the  durum  wheats.  Some  of  the 
same  varieties  of  durum  wheats  were  planted  both  in  January  and  in 
March,  and  while  those  sown  in  March  did  quite  well  the  heads  were  nqt 
so  large  nor  so  well  filled  as  were  those  sown  the  first  week  of  January. 

Spraying  to  Destroy  Weeds. — Some  experiments  were  made  to  test  the 
effect  of  spraying  the  plats  at  Yuba  City  with  a  solution  of  copper  sul- 
fate to  kill  the  wild  radish.  The  results  were  not  very  satisfactory  as 
a  whole.  In  many  of  the  plats  the  weeds  were  so  large  that  even  one 
hundred  gallons  per  acre  of  the  solution  would  not  cover  the  weeds  suf- 
ficiently to  kill  them.  In  cases  where  very  small  plants  were  sprayed 
the  weeds  were  killed,  but  the  land  was  so  infested  with  seed  that  every 
shower  caused  more  plants  to  grow.  This  condition  would  require  suc- 
cessive sprayings,  which  makes  the  cost  too  excessive.  A  solution  of 
one  pound  of  copper  sulfate  to  two  gallons  of  water  and  applied  at  the 
rate  of  about  one  hundred  gallons  per  acre  proved  effective  in  killing 
young  plants  of  the  mustard  and  radish,  besides  various  other  weeds, 
without  resulting  in  permanent  injury  to  any  of  the  cereals.  In  some 
cases  the  upper  portion  of  the  blades  turned  brown  at  first,  but  growth 
was  not  retarded  materially,  and  in  a  week  or  ten  days  the  plants 
had  resumed  their  usual  green  color. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  267 

The  winter  wheats  at  Yuba  City  did  better  than  at  Modesto,  but  this 
was  doubtless  due  to  the  fact  that  they  were  started  earlier.  Nevertheless, 
the  extreme  weediness  of  the  land  was  such  a  serious  handicap  as  to  make 
yield  tests  absolutely  unreliable.  The  winter  wheats  sown  at  Yuba  City 
the  first  week  of  January  ripened  the  last  of  June,  thus  maturing  in  a 
shorter  growing  period  than  they  usually  require  in  the  winter  wheat 
district  of  the  East.  However,  they  would  undoubtedly  make  better 
growth  and  give  better  yields  if  sown  in  October  and  November. 

Among  the  earliest  maturing  varieties  were  No.  1181,  Japanese  No.  3; 
No.  2126,  Kurd;  No.  2198,  Piola  Karte;  No.  2200,  Karum;  No.  2204, 
Humera;  No.  2205,  Kharta;  No.  2399,  Shet  Gahu. 

A  number  of  the  durum  varieties  grown  in  small  hand  plats  at  Yuba 
City  were  very  promising.  Some  of  them  produced  a  very  good  quality 
of  grain,  which  shows  but  little  tendency  to  become  starchy.  Others 
contained  a  larger  per  cent  of  spotted  or  starchy  grains. 

Among  the  best  varieties  of  durum  wheats  were:  No.  1494,  Arnautkn; 
No.  1567,  Novorossick;  No.  1572,  a  durum  from  Pierpont,  S.  D.;  No.  158^, 
Biancolillo;  No.  1593,  Marouani;  No.  1595,  Kahla;  No.  1597,  Medeali; 
No.  1736,  Iumillo;  No.  2090,  Negro;  No.  2127,  Hurma. 

Varieties  of  durums  showing  a  large  number  of  spotted  grains  were: 

2200.  Karum. 

2221.  Kubanka. 

'2240.  Kubanka. 

2575.  From  Bulgaria. 

2591.  From  Buenos  Ayres. 

2598.  From  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
2592.    From  Buenos  Ayres.  Republic. 

Of  the  wheats  commonly  called  bread  wheats  the  following  were  very 
promising:  No.  1181,  Japanese  No.  4;  No.  1596,  Fretes;  No.  1698,  Allora; 
No.  2227,  Chul;  No.  1442,  Kharkov;  No.  1699,  Canning  Downs;  and 
No.  1436,  Crimean. 

A  wide  difference  was  found  between  samples  of  grain  from  the  same 
varieties  grown  under  different  conditions.  The  grain  from  some  of 
the  large  plats  which  were  so  badly  infested  with  weeds,  and  not  cut 
quite  as  soon  as  it  was  ripe,  was  much  lighter  in  color  and  apparently 
softer  than  that  of  the  same  variety  grown  in  small  row  plats  where  the 
wreeds  were  kept  hoed  out  and  the  grain  cut  in  proper  time.  From  all 
the  evidence  obtained  in  this  first  year's  work,  we  believe  the  grain  will  be 
of  much  better  quality  if  cut  as  soon  after  ripening  as  possible. 

At  Modesto  the  only  winter  varieties  which  produced  any  grain  were 
No.  2227,  Chul  wheat;  No.  1698,  Allora  wheat;  No.  276,  Belgian  Winter 
oats;  No.  338,  Culberson  Winter  oats;  and  No.  40,  Abruzzes  rye.  All 
other  varieties  made  no  upright  growth  and  consequently  produced  no 
heads.  This  indicates  that  in  most  cases  it  is  unwise  to  sow  winter 
wheats  in   the   Modesto    section   later  than   the  middle  of   December, 


1350. 

Pererodka. 

2198. 

Piola  Karte. 

2206. 

Khandwa. 

2234. 

Kubanka. 

2247. 

Velvet  Don. 

2587. 

From  Sardinia 

268  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

although  Chul  was  sown  December  28th  and  Allora  January  6th,  show- 
ing them  to  be  of  rapid  growth  and  to  be  early  maturing  varieties. 

While  on  account  of  the  extreme  conditions  which  obtained  through- 
out the  season,  viz:  the  late  seeding,  and  the  extreme  rust  condition 
resulting  from  continued  warm  rain  in  the  spring,  the  result  of  yields 
can  not  be  considered  at  all  reliable,  and  in  all  cases  was  much  below  the 
normal,  still  much  of  value  was  obtained  as  to  the  characteristics  of  a 
large  number  of  grains  under  such  untoward  conditions,  especially  with 
regard  to  time  of  ripening  and  rust  resistance,  and  character  of  growth, 
and  the  susceptibility  to  change  under  California  conditions,  all  of 
which  are  factors  of  importance,  and  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  the 
selection  of  desirable  varieties  to  serve  as  foundations  for  subsequent 
improvement. 

SOME    LESSONS   FROM   THE   RUST  EPIDEMIC   OF  1904-5. 

The  season  was  characterized  by  one  of  the  severest  attacks  of  grain 
rust  which  the  State  has  ever  seen.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
grain  rusts  do  not  do  a  large  amount  of  damage  in  the  State.  About 
once  in  ten  years  the  State  as  a  whole  suffers  more  or  less  from  both 
leaf  and  stem  rust,  but  throughout  the  coast  section  much  damage  is 
done  to  the  grain  crops  nearly  every  year.  The  atmosphere  of  the 
interior  valleys  is  usually  too  dry  for  the  rust  to  spread.  In  1904-5, 
however,  rains  occurred  until  quite  late  in  the  spring,  and  after  each 
rain  occurred  a  few  days  of  moist  warm  weather,  thus  making  ideal 
conditions  for  the  development  of  rust.  Not  only  wheat,  but  also  barley 
and  oats,  were  seriously  affected  in  a  great  many  cases. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  things  learned  from  the  field  trials  of  this 
season  was  the  effect  of  the  rust  upon  the  large  number  of  varieties  on 
the  stations. 

NATURE  OF  RUST. 

Without  going  into  a  scientific  discussion  of  grain  rust  it  may  be 
summarily  said  that  the  rust  is  a  plant  as  distinct  in  kind  as  the  grain 
upon  which  it  grows,  and  propagates  .itself  by  spores  which  correspond 
to  the  seeds  of  higher  plants.  These  spores  are  carried  by  the  wind  and 
grow  only  when  they  alight  upon  a  living  plant.  The  condition  favor- 
able for  rapid  growth  of  the  rust  plant  is  humidity  of  atmosphere  and 
warm  days,  conditions  which  are  also  conducive  to  rapid  growth  of  the 
grain,  hence  it  often  happens  that  the  heaviest  grain  is  most  severely 
attacked. 

There  are  two  distinct  kinds  of  rust  that  affect  both  wheat  and  oats. 
One  of  these,  the  "leaf  rust,"  so  called  because  its  principal  point  of 
attack  is  the  leaves,  comparatively  speaking  does  but  little  damage. 
The  black  stem  rust,  however,  in  seasons  of  unusual  severity  is  the 
cause  of  enormous  loss.     It  occurs  a  little  later  than   the  leaf  rust. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


269 


While  these  rusts  are  given  the  distinguishing  names  above  used, 
yet  each  has  a  black  stage  and  a  red  stage,  and  are  thus  difficult  to 
distinguish. 

Since  it  is  the  later  appearing  stem-rust  that  does  the  greater  damage, 
those  varieties  of  grain  that  mature  early  are  the  least  affected  by  the 
disease,  because  if  planted  early  they  mature  before  this  rust  appears 
in  considerable  quantity.  The  period  at  which  the  greatest  damage  is 
done  is  while  the  head  is  filling,  between  the  date  of  flowering  and  the 
date  of  ripening. 

The  comparative  rust  resistance,  stated  in  per  cents,  between  a  num- 
ber of  the  common  wheats  and  the  durums  grown  under  the  same  con- 
ditions at  Yuba  City  in  1904-5,  is  shown  in  the  subjoined  table: 


TABLE  I. 


Showing   Relative  Rust  Resistance  of  Certain  Wheats — Yuba   City, 

1904-5. 


COMMON   WHEATS. 


Rust 
Resistance 

No.  Name.                                    per  cent. 

647.    Onigara ...  75 

682.     Early  Japanese 80 

1181.    Japanese,  No.  4 _ 85 

1184.    Japanese,  No.  1 _ 80 

1356.    Theiss  50 

1433.    Crimean .._ 70 

1436.  Crimean.. 70 

1437.  Crimean 55 

1438.  Ghirka  Winter 70 

1439.  Ultra   _ ...65 

1442.     Kharkov 50 

1539.    Targorva 70 

1558.    Turkey... 75 

1561.    Theiss 40 

1563.  Weissenberg 80 

1564.  Pesterboden 80 

1587 65 

1596.     Fretes 50 

1697.  Early  Baart 20 

1698.  Allora .  _ 85 

1699.  Canning  Downs _.  85 

1732.  Fish  Head 95 

1733.  Dawson's  Golden  Chaff 40 

1746.     King's  Early 10 

1923.     Fultz. 40 

2126.     Kurd.. .*. 40 

2200.     Buetha.. .  50 

2227.     Chul 40 

2204.  Humera _. 

2205.  Khata... _ 

2219.    Padi 

2397.    Red  Winter 65 

2824.  Elephant  Hybrid 50 

2825.  Elephant  Hybrid 50 

2826.  Bobs 35 

2828.     20 

2830.     -. 12 

2405.    Kissilbugda 20 

2495.     Red  Winter .    40 

293/04  California  Gem _ 20 

Sonora 20 

White  Australian _ 20 

Washington  Bluestem 30 


No. 

1494. 

1567. 

1572. 

1589. 

1593. 

1597. 

1595 

1736. 

2006. 

2074. 

2075. 

2076. 

2077. 

2078. 

2087. 

2088. 

2089. 

2u90. 

2091. 

2093. 

2099. 

2124. 

2127. 

2198. 

222  L. 

2228. 

2234. 

2235. 

2246. 

2247 

2399. 

2527. 

2537. 

2546. 

2547. 

2598. 

2607. 

2609. 

2640. 

?H41. 

2649. 

2651. 

2689. 

2692. 

2756. 

2*27. 

2/05. 

3/05. 


DURUM  WHEATS. 

Rust 
Resistance, 
Name.  percent. 

Arnautka   95 

Novorossick 95 

95 

Biancolillo - 95 

Marouani  _. ._ 98 

Medeah 99 

Kahla 95 

Iumillo  95 

Nicaragua 97 

77 

Abd-el-Kaden  ._. 93 

Medeah 95 

Azizi    ._ 95 

Sboo-el-Roumia 95 

Bachir 97 

Kahla 98 

Richi.. 95 

Negro  ._ -. 90 

Albacete 90 

Berberisco 90 

Mahmoudi 99 

Hurma 80 

Hurma     75 

PiolaKarte 60 

Kubanka 90 

Saragolla 95 

Kuban  ka.._ 90 

Marouani 93 

Kubanka 97 

Velvet  Don 98 

ShetGahu 65 

Algerian  Durum 90 

Algerian  Durum 90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

85 

85 

90 

Realforte 90 

90 

Coolabak 95 

Chilean  Wheat.. 95 

Chilean  Wheat 95 


270 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


FIG.  2.    Kubanka  variety  of  durum  wheat  grown  at  Modesto,  1905-6. 

THE  RUST  RESISTANCE  OF  VARIETIES. 

There  were  quite  a  number  of  the  varieties  under  observation  that 
were  almost  wholly  rust  resistant  in  this  season,  and  on  this  ground  seem 
desirable  varieties  for  further  trial  in  the  coast  section  of  the  State  espe- 
cially. While  one  season's  observation  can  not  show  much  that  is  con- 
clusive, yet  the  severity  of  the  rust  condition  renders  the  work  of  a  single 
season  of  this  character  of  much  value.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  true 
that  although  the  conditions  were  so  unfavorable  as  to  vitiate  nearly  all 
of  the  yield  tests,  yet  the  observations  upon  the  relative  rust  resistance 
of  the  varieties  may  be  of  greater  value  than  the  entire  cost  of  the  experi- 
ment. At  least  one  very  important  series  of  observations  was  secured, 
then,  during  the  season's  operation,  not  to  mention  numerous  other  lesser 
ones  that  will  have  important  bearings  upon  the  future  selection  of 
grains.  To  know  that  under  similar  conditions  of  soil  preparation  and 
culture  certain  wheats  are  affected  only  to  an  extent  of  5  per  cent,  while 
others  are  affected  to  an  extent  of  90  per  cent,  and  these  latter  our  com- 
mon varieties,  is  an  exceedingly  important  fact. 

These  results  make  it  very  evident,  first,  that  the  durum  wheats  are 
much  more  rust  resistant  than  any  of  the  common  varieties  grown; 
second, with  the  exception  of  a  comparatively  few  varieties  there  does  not 
seem  to  be  much  difference  in  this  respect  between  the  varieties  of  durums 
themselves.  Among  the  common  wheats  there  was  a  wide  difference,  the 
range  being  from  10  to  85  per  cent  resistance.  In  all  cases  the  com- 
monly grown  California  varieties  proved  to  be  much  more  subject  to 
rust  than,  for  instance,  No.   1181,  Japanese;  Nos.  1433  and  1436,  Cri- 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  271 

mean;  No.  1558,  Turkey;  No.  1564,  Pesterboden;  No.  1698,  Allora;  and 
No.  1699,  Canning  Downs.  It  will  be  interesting  to  know  what  these 
varieties  may  do  in  the  coast  regions  in  the  State  where  rust  conditions 
are  an  annual  factor.  They  will  be  thoroughly  tried  out  in  that  region 
in  comparison  with  the  common  California  varieties,  and  should  they 
maintain  the  record  made  in  1904-5,  their  introduction  into  that  region 
will  prove  extremely  valuable.  With  the  results  of  only  a  single  year 
of  serious  rust  conditions  before  us.  however,  we  do  not  feel  warranted 
in  recommending  extensive  plantings,  although  any  of  them  are  worthy 
of  further  trial  and  selection  under  rust  conditions.  Mention  should 
also  be  made  of  two  other  varieties  which,  under  the  condition  of  extemely 
late  sowing,  did  well,  viz.,  No.  1596,  Fretes,  and  No.  2227,  Chul.  The 
former  resisted  the  rust  better  than  the  latter,  and  some  sown  as  late  as 
March  6th  made  good  heads  with  very  good  kernels,  although  the  heads 
were  not  as  well  filled  nor  as  large  as  were  those  of  an  earlier  sowing. 
Both  of  these  varieties  make  a  quick  upright  growth,  and  if  sown  at 
the  usual  time  of  seeding  may  prove  excellent  wheats. 

BARLEYS  AND  OATS  AND  CORN. 

A  number  of  barleys  and  several  varieties  of  oats  were  grown  in  both 
large  and  small  plats  to  secure  indications  as  to  adaptability,  some  of 
which  gave  promising  results.  Among  the  six-rowed  barleys,  Beldi 
(No.  190)  and  Mariout  (No.  261)  were  the  earliest.  Of  the  two-rowed, 
Black  Smyrna  (No.  191)  and  White  Smyrna  (No.  195)  were  much  the 
earliest  on  the  list. 

Sixty-day  oats  (No.  165)  was  the  earliest  oat  variety,  while  No.  291 
(White  oats  from  England)  gave  the  best  yield.  The  winter  varieties 
of  oats  and  barley  were  sown  too  late  to  give  any  fair  idea  as  to  results. 

Of  the  corn  varieties  planted  at  Yuba  City,  Early  Tuscarora,  Gehu, 
and  Red  Dent  are  very  early,  and  had  nearly  matured  by  the  latter 
part  of  July.  The  extremely  hot  winds  during  the  first  week  of  July 
injured  all  varieties  just  tasseling  at  that  time.  The  tassel  and  upper 
blades  were  completely  dried  and  turned  white.  The  growth  of  all 
varieties  in  early  spring  was  very  slow.  One  or  two  varieties  planted 
from  two  to  three  weeks  later  were  standing  the  drought  very  well  and 
were  of  a  deep  green  color  with  scarcely  any  of  the  lower  blades  fired 
the  last  of  July. 

None  of  the  corn  plantings  produced  good  ears,  on  account  of  the 
scorching  in  July.  The  corn  experiments  may  be  regarded  as  a  total 
failure.  Except  under  the  most  favorable  climatic  conditions,  corn  culture 
on  the  uplands  without  irrigation  is  regarded  as  very  doubtful. 


272  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

THE  OPERATIONS  OF  1905-6. 

The  writer  took  charge  of  the  cereal  work  at  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal 
year  1905-6.  On  the  part  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture Mr.  H.  F.  Blanchard  was  assigned  to  duty  in  California  in  place  of 
Mr.  Fitz. 

The  writer  at  once  proceeded  to  lay  out  detailed  plans  for  permanent 
work.  The  nature  of  this  work  is  such  that  no  permanent  results  can 
be  secured  from  one  or  two  seasons'  operations.  The  element  of  time  is 
an  all-essential  one  for  the  solution  of  such  problems  as  are  before  us. 
This  would  be  true  even  though  the  problem  was  merely  the  develop- 
ment of  wheats  giving  higher  yields  than  those  now  being  grown  in  the 
State,  but  with  the  introduction  of  the  problem  of  increasing  the  gluten 
content,  the  element  of  time  is  of  even  greater  importance.  With  this 
in  view  the  experiments  were  so  planned  that  while  the  ultimate  end 
can  not  be  expected  for  several  years,  yet  data  of  much  importance  as 
bearing  upon  the  entire  question  of  cereal  culture  should  be  obtained 
each  year,  and  thus  material  progress  made  annually. 

The  general  plan  adopted  as  the  permanent  policy  of  the  investiga- 
tions on  both  stations  is  presented  below.  The  experiments  will  have 
to  deal  primarily  with  wheat,  but  barley  and  oats  will  also  be  included, 
and  the  general  method  of  procedure  will  be  the  same  in  all  cases. 

The  plantings  on  the  stations  are  divided  into  three  classes: 

Class      I.  Nursery  plantings. 

(a)  Of  varieties  under  preliminary  trial. 

(6)  Of  varieties  undergoing  straight  selection. 

(c)  Of  hybrids  and  selection  following  hybridization. 

(d)  Small  increase-plats. 
Class    II.  Field  plantings. 

Class  III.  Special  experiment  plantings. 

The  nursery  plantings  under  Class  I  refer  to  all  plantings  of  small 
size,  varying  from  a  single  grain  of  wheat  in  some  cases  to  increase-plats 
less  than  one-twentieth  acre  in  size.  The  nursery  plantings  are  divided 
into  four  sub-classes,  as  indicated  in  the  tabular  scheme  presented 
above. 

Under  Class  I  (a)  are  introduced  all  new  varieties  secured  from  various 
sources,  and  only  the  ones  showing  special  adaptability  to  California 
conditions  are  selected  for  advancement  to  Class  II  in  field  trials,  and 
to  I  (a)  for  improvement  by  selection — only  the  best  of  the  class  being 
selected  for  the  latter  work.  The  varieties  undergoing  straight  selection, 
I  (6),  are  those  which  are  in  the  field  plantings  and  others  that 
may  have  shown  such  very  favorable  characteristics  as  to  warrant 
marking  them  "excellent"  after  satisfactory  preliminary  trial  in  the 
nursery.  Plantings  under  this  subdivision,  I  (6),  were  made  for  the  first 
time  in  the  fall  of  1906.  These  plantings  are  made  after  the  centgener 
system,  which  is  explained  later  on.     On  account  of  the  difficulty  with 


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274  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

weeds  at  the  Yuba  City  station,  and  the  greater  ease  with  which  the  soil 
can  be  handled  at  the  Modesto  station,  the  centgener  plantings  are 
mostly  made  upon  the  latter.  The  plantings  under  Class  I  (c)  are 
devoted  to  fixing  the  characters  of  the  hybrids  developed  on  the  stations 
and  finally  improving  such  as  may  prove  desirable  by  selection  after 
the  centgener  plan.  Sub-class  (d)  embraces  such  varieties  as  are  being 
increased  for  field  trial  after  having  been  proven  in  I  (a). 

The  field  plantings,  Class  II,  vary  in  size  from  one-twentieth  of  an 
acre  to  one  acre  in  size,  and  the  varieties  grown  in  these  plats  are  those 
which  previous  observations  have  shown  to  be  worthy  of  more  extensive 
trial  than  a  limited  number  of  rows  employed  in  the  nursery  plantings. 

The  plantings  under  Class  III  are  those  devoted  to  special  experi- 
ments, as  detailed  later  in  the  publication. 

The  work  on  the  two  stations  for  the  season  1905-S  is  presented 
separately  below,  but  in  all  cases  must  be  taken  merely  as  a  report 
of  progress  rather  than  as  completed  experiments,  the  accumulated 
results  of  several  seasons'  work  being  necessary  before  definite  conclu- 
sions can  be  drawn  even  from  the  special  experiments. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  275 


WORK  AT  THE  YUBA  CITY  CEREAL  STATION,  1905-6. 


As  indicated  earlier  in  this  bulletin  the  location  of  this  station  was 
changed  at  the  beginning  of  this  fiscal  year,  the  location  selected  being 
only  a  short  distance  from  that  of  1904-5,  and  the  soil  conditions  remain- 
ing essentially  the  same.  The  previous  season  the  tract  had  produced 
a  crop  of  barley,  and  the  season's  rains  coming  very  late  there  was  much 
delay,  so  that  the  winter  varieties  were  seeded  later  than  they  should 
have  been  to  give  the  best  results;  and  further,  the  volunteer  barley  was 
troublesome  throughout  the  entire  season.  The  entire  tract  was  seeded, 
the  plantings  varying  in  size  from  a  few  rows  to  one  acre. 

Preparation  of  the  Land. — Preparation  of  the  soil  was  begun  early  in 
December,  1905,  when  it  was  given  a  surface  disking  to  cover  the  weed 
seed  and  put  the  surface  in  such  shape  that  it  would  readily  take  mois- 
ture. The  disking  was  done  as  early  as  there  was  sufficient  rain  to 
moisten  the  first  two  inches  of  surface  soil.  There  was  not  sufficient 
moisture  to  allow  plowing  until  the  first  of  January,  and  even  then 
in  parts  of  the  field  the  land  turned  over  in  a  very  lumpy  condition. 
Rains,  however,  followed  soon  after  the  seeding  and  disintegrated 
the  clods.  The  land  was  plowed  with  a  gang  plow  five  to  seven  inches 
deep,  then  disked,  harrowed,  and  put  into  as  good  condition  as  the  limited 
moisture  would  allow. 

Method  of  Planting. — As  soon  as  the  land  was  plowed  and  harrowed 
the  seeding  of  winter  wheats  was  commenced.  At  the  time  of  seeding  the 
winter  wheats  the  land  was  very  rough,  but  on  account  of  the  lateness  of 
the  season  it  was  deemed  inadvisable  to  wait  longer  for  rain  to  allow  a 
first-class  seed-bed  to  be  prepared;  still,  it  ultimately  proved  better  than 
at  Modesto,  as  the  ground  was  not  as  loose  as  at  the  latter  place,  which 
resulted  in  a  quicker  and  stronger  germination  of  most  varieties  of  the 
grain.  There  were  numerous  heavy  rains  at  this  time,  and  it  was  with 
considerable  difficulty  that  the  seeding  was*  accomplished,  as  the  soil 
would  no  sooner  dry  out  enough  to  work  than  there  would  be  more  rain. 
However,  seeding  of  both  large  and  small  plots  was  completed  by 
February  1,  1906. 

All  plat  plantings  were  done  with  a  Monitor  double-disc  drill,  while 
the  small  plantings  were  made  with  a  Planet  Jr.  hand  drill.  On  all 
plats  seeded  with  the  Monitor  drill  72  pounds  of  wheat  seed  was  used 
in  drill  rows  six  inches  apart.  From  the  general  appearance  of  the 
plats  after  germination,  and  throughout  the  season,  it  is  probable  that 
better  results  would  have  been  obtained  by  the  use  of  more  seed.  This 
is  particularly  true  when   seeding  is  not  done  until  January,  for  the 

2— bul  185 


276  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

plants  do  not  seem  to  stool  as  well  at  this  time  as  when  germination 
takes  place  earlier.  Further,  a  thicker  seeding  will  keep  down  a  larger 
number  of  weeds. 

Weeds. — The  weed  question  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  generally  is 
"  a  condition  and  not  a  theory,"  and  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  difficulty 
which  will  have  to  be  overcome  in  attempts  to  grow  the  spreading  vari- 
eties of  winter  wheats.  The  weeds  locally  known  as  wild  oats,  Napa 
thistle,  bur-clover,  dog  fennel,  and  morning-glory  are  rampant  through- 
out the  entire  region,  but  at  Modesto  the  California  poppy  is  the  only 
really  troublesome  weed  at  the  present  time. 

Although  it  is  the  common  practice  of  farmers  to  bare  summer-fallow 

the  land,  we  are  not  doing  so  on  this  station,  which  makes  it  more  difficult 

to  deal  with  the  weed  problem  than  would  be  the  case  under  a  thorough 

system  of  summer-fallow;  however,  by  cutting  the  grain  in  the  hard 

dough  stage  with  the  binder,  many  weeds  are  destroyed  which  would  be 

reseeded  by  the  use  of  the  combined  harvester,  so  commonly  used  in 

California. 

Summary  of  Plantings  at  Yuba  City,  1905-6. 

Standard  varieties  of  common  and  durum  wheats - 325 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  hybrids 72 

Kansas  hybrids _ 66 

Barleys 60 

Oats 21 

Spelt 1 

Rye 3 

Emmer 2 

Einkorn _ _ 1 

Corn 15 

Total 566 

PLANTINGS  AT  YUBA  CITY  UNDER  CLASS  I,  1905-6. 

It  is  under  the  sub-group  I  (a)  that  all  the  new  varieties  of  wheats 
are  introduced  for  preliminary  trial.  Under  this  division  in  1905-6, 
463  varieties  of  wheat  were  grown  upon  the  Yuba  station,  these  wheats 
coming  from  all  over  the, world.  No  attempt  will  be  made  here  to 
present  the  characteristics  of  all  these  wheats,  but  only  to  place  upon 
record  such  as  to  the  present  time  have  shown  themselves  to  be  worthy 
of  further  trial.  For  the  most  part  these  wheats  have  been  under 
observation  for  two  seasons,  and  this  season  for  one  cause  or  another 
we  have  been  able  to  eliminate  a  number  from  the  list  of  those 
grown.  It  was  found  that  many  of  these  standard  varieties  were 
mixed  with  other  varieties,  and  to  keep  our  own  seed  from  becoming 
badly  mixed,  it  has  in  most  cases  been  necessary  to  hand  pick  the 
heads,  and  in  so  doing  occasion  has  been  taken  to  select  only  the  best 
heads  for  the  next  year's  seeding.  Thus  the  varieties  have  had  the 
benefit  of  two  years'  preliminary  selection,  should  it  be  desirable  to 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  277 

introduce  any  of  them  into  the  centgener  plantings  for  rigid  selection 
during  the  coming  season.  Among  these  row  plantings  there  are  quite 
a  number  which  offer  much  promise  as  being  very  well  adapted  to  the 
conditions  which  here  obtain. 


CHARACTERISTICS  OP  WHEATS  DESIRABLE  FOR  CALIFORNIA. 

Considered  only  in  relation  to  field  conditions  there  are  certain 
special  characteristics  which  are  extremely  desirable  for  wheats  which 
are  to  be  introduced  into  this  State.  The  following  are  considered  the 
most  prominent  of  these:  manner  of  growth,  tenacity,  days  to  mature, 
character  of  head  (especially  with  respect  to  awns),  rust  resistance,  and 
heavy  yielding  plants. 

The  manner  of  autumn  growth  (that  is,  whether  the  growth  is 
upright  or  spreading)  is  of  unusual  importance  under  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  grain  fields  as  to  weeds.  Until  the  farms  are  in  a  much 
cleaner  condition  than  at  the  present  time  no  wheat  is  likely  to  meet 
with  favor  unless  it  will  make  a  reasonably  good  fight  for  life  among 
weeds.  This  factor  is  not  so  important  in  the  case  of  wheats  used 
on  summer-fallow  land,  but  in  many  instances  even  in  this  case  it  is 
of  some  importance,  because  the  continued  use  of  the  combined  har- 
vester, coupled  with  generally  careless  methods,  has  so  seriously 
scattered  the  weeds  in  the  grain  fields  as  to  make  even  the  summer- 
fallow  land  exceedingly  foul.  In  such  fields  the  plants  that  have  a 
low-spreading  growth  in  the  fall  and  winter  have  but  little  chance 
against  the  weeds.  It  is  the  strong  upright  growth  made  by  the 
varieties  commonly  grown  in  the  State  that  has  been  one  of  the  main 
factors  which  has  enabled  them  to  hold  their  own  in  the  State  despite 
their  low  milling  qualities.  This  rapid  upright  growth  enables  them  to 
successfully  keep  ahead  of  the  weeds  and  finally  win  in  the  race.  With 
the  farms  becoming  smaller  and  being  given  greater  care  this  factor  will 
not  be  as  important.  Generally  speaking,  however,  these  same  spread- 
ing varieties  require  early  planting,  and  for  this  reason  under  the 
conditions  of  precipitation  which  hold  in  large  grain-growing  sections  of 
the  State  it  is  difficult  to  get  them  planted,  except  on  summer-fallow 
land,  sufficiently  early  to  have  them  under  favorable  conditions  for 
good  yield.  They  must  be  growing  by  December  1st  to  be  under  even 
fair  conditions,  and  it  is  seldom,  indeed,  except  on  summer-fallow  land, 
that  it  would  be  possible  to  seed  by  that  date.  This  will  be  one  of  the 
greatest  obstacles  in  the  introduction  of  these  wheats  into  this  State. 
Our  present  idea  is  that  they  are  not  well  suited  to  the  climatic  con- 
ditions which  obtain  in  this  State  generally,  unless  it  be  in  those  parts 
of  the  State  where  limited  areas  of  wheat  are  grown  by  irrigation, 
where  a  late  summer  or  early  fall  irrigation  can  be  given  the  land,  thus 


278 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


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280  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

enabling  the  land  to  be  put  into  condition  earlier  than  otherwise  would 
be  possible. 

Earliness,  as  measured  by  days  to  mature,  is  also  an  important  point 
for  consideration  in  the  selection  of  grains  for  use  in  California.  The 
wheats  should  be  such  as  can  be  planted  as  late  as  possible  and  will 
have  a  rapid  growth  and  mature  early,  before  the  exceedingly  hot 
weather  comes  on  in  the  summer.  Further,  earliness  is  a  great  factor  in 
enabling  the  wheats,  and  grains  in  general,  to  withstand  rust  attacks, 
which  are  very  severe  in  certain  seasons.  This  is  extremely  important 
for  wheats  grown  in  the  coast  counties,  for  in  that  region  rust  is  an 
omnipresent  difficulty,  owing  to  the  more  moist  atmosphere.  Further, 
the  early  wheats  are  not  as  apt  to  be  injured  by  drought  as  the  later 
maturing  varieties. 

Bearing  upon  this  last  matter  the  character  of  the  head  as  to  awns  is 
of  greater  importance  than  in  most  places,  because  it  is  a  custom  here, 
and  one  which  the  fickleness  of  the  climate  renders  almost  necessary, 
for  farmers  to  be  governed  largely  by  the  character  of  the  season  as  to 
whether  the  crop  is  allowed  to  mature  its  grain  or  whether  it  is  cut  for 
hay.  If  the  season  seems  to  be  unpropitious  for  the  maturing  of  a  fair 
crop  of  grain  it  will  be  cut  before  maturity  for  hay.  Thus,  an  awnless 
variety  is  much  preferable. 

The  tenacity  with  which  the  chaff  holds  the  grain  is  also  an  especially 
important  factor  in  California,  where  the  combined  harvester  is  so 
extensively  used.  Grain  frequently  stands  in  the  field  for  a  month  to 
six  weeks  after  it  is  mature,  and  under  the  heavy  winds  which  prevail 
in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  certain  parts  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley,  unless  the  chaff  is  very  tenacious  of  the  berry  there  is  serious 
loss.  With  the  use  of  the  self-binder  instead  of  the  combined  harvester 
this  loses  something  of  its  significance,  but  it  will  always  be  a  factor  of 
importance.  The  wheats  which  have  survived  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence here  have  been  of  this  character,  and  it  is  one  of  the  principal 
points  in  which  the  Little  Club  variety  appeals  to  the  farmer,  and  out- 
weighs the  undesirable  points  of  this  wheat. 

The  importance  of  high-yielding  plants  is  too  evident  to  need  any 
discussion.  No  other  characteristic  of  a  plant  is  so  important,  and 
most  of  those  mentioned  above  have  a  bearing  upon  this  quality. 

It  is  largely  along  these  lines  that  the  list  of  grains  presented  in  Table  II 
has  been  selected  as  offering  the  most  promise  for  being  useful  in  further 
developing  the  work  along  the  lines  proposed.  No  attempt  has  been 
made  as  yet  to  select  these  closely,  but  rather  to  exclude  those  which 
seemed  to  offer  no  superiority  to  these.  Many  of  the  bearded  and  the 
spreading  varieties  are  retained  because  we  have  not  reached  a  point 
where  it  was  thought  desirable  to  exclude  all  these  varieties;  and,  further, 
some  of  the  best  ones  may  finally  enter  into  the  development  of  new 
varieties  and  the  beards  gotten  rid  of. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


281 


Under  Class  I  (h)  no  plantings  were  made  in  1905-6,  inasmuch  as  it 
was  not  deemed  that  sufficient  data  were  at  hand  upon  which  to  select 
the  wheats  to  introduce  into  the  centgener  system  of  rigid  selection  for 
improvement,  but  numerous  varieties  have  been  subjected  to  preliminary- 
selection  for  two  seasons  and  systematic  notes  taken  as  to  their  field 
characteristics  and  apparent  adaptability  to  California  conditions  to 
serve  as  a  basis  for  the  selection  of  the  varieties  for  improvement.  The 
following  stocks,  after  having  been  under  observation  at  this  Station  for 
two  seasons,  have  been  determined  upon  as  a  basis  upon  which  to  begin 
the  centgener  work  at  Yuba  City : 

Class  I  (6);  Grains  Selected  for  Centgener  Plantings  at  Yuba  City,  1906-7. 

C.  I.  No.        Name. 
Oats. 
274.     Lawinger 

292. 

441.    Danish 

445.    White  Tartar 

Barleys. 
190.     Beldi 

257.    Tennessee  Winter 
Common  California 


The  above  varieties  will  hereafter  be  planted  in  the  centgener  plats 
according  to  the  following  scheme,  and  will  also  be  planted  in  the  field 
each  year  to  establish  an  accurate  average  against  which  to  measure 
whatever  improvement  may  take  place. 


C.  I.  No. 

Name. 

Wheats. 

1437. 

Crimean 

1494. 

Arnautka 

1587. 

.. 

2089. 

Richi 

2239. 

Beloglina 

—  .  .  « 

White  Australian 

m.    ._. 

Salt  Lake  Club 

.  _-- 

Sonora 

Propo 

. 

English  Master 

_ 

Mediterranean 

V.A.C.206. 

St.  Land 

THE   PLAN  FOR  NURSERY   BREEDING. 

The  plan  for  nursery  breeding  for  improvements  of  the  chosen  varieties 
deals  with  individual  parent  plants,  and  the  progeny  therefrom  so 
planted,  one  seed  in  a  hill,  that  their  yield  and  other  facts  of  actual 
performance  may  be  recorded  and  compared  so  that  only  the  best  may 
serve  as  mother  plants,  and  that  a  definite  pedigree  can  be  built  up. 
The  soil  condition  should  be  made  as  good  as  possible  with  the  common 
tools,  and  the  general  environment  of  the  plant  should  be  as  near  as 
possible  to  those  which  can  be  obtained  in  good  farming.  In  this  way 
the  plants  selected  will  have  proven  best  under  the  conditions  in  which 
they  will  be  later  grown  in  the  field.  The  plats  are  to  be  seeded  with 
the  Minnesota  centgener  seeder  at  Modesto,  and  by  means  of  a  dibble 
at  Yuba  City,  one  plant  in  a  hill. 

The  First  Year. — Since  it  is  desired  to  get  as  strong  mother  plants  as 
possible  for  the  future  work,  the  foundation  bed  of  1906-7  wherever 
possible  will  be  1,200  plants  of  each  of  the  nursery  varieties.     When  the 


282  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

plants  have  made  a  few  inches  growth  the  hills  that  may  have  two  plants 
are  carefully  thinned  to  a  single  plant.  The  nursery  beds  are  kept  free 
from  weeds  by  hand  pulling  or  hoeing.  The  grain  is  deemed  ripe  when 
it  is  in  the  hard-dough,  stage.  At  this  time  the  smaller  plants  are  gradu- 
ally cut  out  until  only  100  of  the  apparently  strongest  yielders  remain. 
In  deciding  upon  the  100  plants  preference  should  be  given  to  plants 
having  nearly  the  same  height,  bearing  well-filled  heads.  The  heads 
are  removed  from  each  of  these  plants  separately  and  those  from  each 
plant  placed  in  an  envelope,  furnished  for  this  purpose.  The  bunches 
of  spikes  from  each  variety  are  to  be  sent  to  Berkeley,  where  they  will 
be  weighed,  and  all  but  the  25  weighing  the  most,  discarded.  These  25 
are  now  shelled  out  by  hand  and  the  net  weight  of  grain  and  its  quality 
determined.  These  data  now  serve  as  the  basis  for  selecting  the  12  plants 
giving  the  highest  net  weight  as  centgeners  for  the  succeeding  season. 

The  Second  Year. — One  of  the  prime  objects  is  to  secure  plants  of  the 
highest  breeding  power,  consequently  a  centgener  plat  (100  seeds)  from 
each  of  the  twelve  selected  plants  is  planted  with  the  machine.  When 
ripe,  12  of  the  apparently  most  productive  plants  are  selected,  the 
heads  removed  and  placed  in  the  envelopes,  the  heads  from  each  plant 
being  placed  in  one  envelope,  the  data  filled  in  according  to  the  printed 
form  and  sent  to  Berkeley.  The  remaining  number  of  plants  are  to  be 
counted,  the  necessary  centgener  notes  taken,  after  which  the  grain  is 
threshed  and  weighed.  From  these  data  the  average  yield  per  plant  is 
obtained,  which  shows  the  average  yield  of  the  progeny  of  the  respective 
mother  plant  originally  selected. 

The  Third  and  Fourth  Years. — In  each  of  these  years  some  of  the  best 
seed  from  each  plat  are  planted  and  selection  practiced  as  before.  The 
average  yield  for  the  three  annual  tests  of  300  progeny  of  each  of  the 
hundred  mother  plants  indicates  the  breeding  power.  From  those  that 
have  shown  the  best  results  a  few  are  now  selected  for  promotion  to 
field  trials  in  competition  with  the  parent  variety,  or  others  there  growing. 

The  Fifth  Year. — During  this  year  the  seeds  are  multiplied  to  secure 
sufficient  seed  for  the  field  trial. 

The  Sixth  to  the  Eighth  Years. — During  these  years  the  varieties  are 
continued  against  the  parent  and  other  field  varieties,  and  those  which 
make  good  as  strong  yielders  during  the  entire  series  of  years  are  those 
worthy  of  distribution. 

The  Ninth  and  Tenth  Years. — During  these  years  the  seed  can  be  dis- 
tributed for  trial  elsewhere  and  also  continued  on  the  station.  The 
seed  may  also  be  increased  for  distribution  and  large  milling  tests. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


283 


CLASS  I  (c).    HYBRIDS. 

The  plantings  under  this  subdivision  have  to  deal  with  wheats  that 
have  been  developed  by  crossing  varieties  either  on  our  own  stations  or 
elsewhere.  The  work  of  crossing  was  begun  the  past  season,  the  larger 
number  of  crosses  having  been  made  at  the  Yuba  City  station.  The 
main  object  involved  in  the  crosses  made  this  season  was  the  combina- 
tion of  some  of  the  high  gluten  wheats  with  the  strong,  upright-growing 
sorts  commonly  grown  in  California.  With  the  hope  of  holding  the 
field  characteristics  of  the  latter,  in-crosses  and  out- crosses  were  made 
both  with  the  hard  winter  varieties  and  the  durums  that  had  shown 
desirable  characteristics. 

A  list  of  the  crosses  made  at  Yuba  City  is  subjoined. 


TABLE  III.    List  of  Crosses  Made  at  Yuba  City,  Cal.,  1906,  Giving  Number  of  Grains 

Obtained  from  Each  Cross. 


Female  Plant. 

Male  Plant. 

Number 
of  Grains 
Obtained. 

Number. 

Name. 

Name. 

Number. 

Salt  Lake  Club.. : 

Salt  Lake  Club.. : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

£      

2899 
2246 
1704 
2398 

11 

£   Kubanka.-.. 

43 



£  Pootung _ 

c  Galgalos 

t   Bluestem ._ 

11 
31 

40 

£   Kubanka 

22 



Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club.. : 

Salt  Lake  Club _  ..    : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

t  White  Australian 

£  Chul... 

c  Velvet  Don 

k.  Richi 

2227 
2247 
2089 
1350 
1596 
2096 
2394 
2825 

14 

12 

7 

51 



s£  Pererodka 

x  Fretes 

x   Yellow  Gharnovka 

12 
46 

Salt  Lake  Club : 

18 

Salt  Lake  Club x 

6 

Salt  Lake  Club.. : 

Arnautka ._ : 

Berberisco : 

Early  Japanese : 

X     .. 

1 

1494 

x  Salt  Lake  Club 

7 

2093 

x  Salt  Lake  Club 

4 

2899 

x  Salt  Lake  Club...  

63 

682 

k    Bluestem            

20 

2899 

X    Rlnestem 

47 

1772 

Spelt.... : 

Arnautka^ : 

Medeah : 

Red  Winter  Wheat : 

Velvet  Don : 

c  Bluestem .. 

8 

1494 

5  Bluestem 

7 

1597 

x  Bluestem . 

14 

2495 

x  Bluestem 

7 

2247 

x  Bluestem 

17 

1184-1 

Japanese  No.  1 : 

Japanese  No.  1 : 

Galgalos : 

Fretes _ : 

Tuscan : 

Spelt 

White  Australian.. : 

Japhet _. 

Onigara.. _ 

Spelt _ _. 

Albacete. 

Galgalos. . 

x  Bluestem .. 

5 

1184-2 

^  Bluestem 

11 

2398 

x  Bluestem ... 

67 

1596 

x:   Chill... 

2227 
1923 

1772 

27 

2832 
1772 

^  Fultz 

x  Spelt 

x  Salt  Lake  Club... 

6 

2 

12 

V.A.C.205 

x  White  Australian 

11 

K  647 

x  White  Australian 

19 

1772 

x  White  Australian 

x  White  Australian 

21 

2091 

5 

2398 

x  White  Australian 

17 

2528 

Algerian  Durum 

x  White  Australian .   

3 

2702 

x    White  Australian 

2 

2830 

x    White  Australian 

18 

2832 

Tuscan 

Bluestem 

Bluestem 

Bluestem 

Bluestem 

Bluestem 

x  White  Australian 

12 

x  Spelt. 

1772 

1597 

2096 

73 

14 

x  Medeah     ... 

x  Yellow  Gharnovka 

1 
16 

x    

2 

x  Bluestem 

11 

284 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

TABLE  III— Continued. 


Female  Plant. 

Male  Plant. 

Number 
of  Grains 
Obtained. 

Number. 

Name. 

Name. 

Number. 



Bluestem : 

Bluestem _ ) 

Bluestem : 

Bluestem : 

Bluestem : 

c  Salt  Lake  Club 

i   Velvet  Don 

c  Kubanka 

2247 
2246 
2227 
2089 
1596 
2398 
1923 
2832 
1772 

4 

12 
21 

e  Chul 

12 

c  Richi.. 

c   Fretes 

1  Galgalos 

31 

2398 

Bluestem...  ._ _.   a 

Galgalos 2 

Galgalos ._ 2 

Galgalos 2 

Galgalos 2 

Kubanka ._  2 

Kubanka 2 

Kubanka 2 

Kubanka 2 

Kubanka.. 2 

Kahla.. _ 2 

Fretes 2 

2 

17 
22 

2398 
2398 

c  Fultz 

c  Tuscan 

16 

7 

2398 

c  Spelt 

t  Salt  Lake  Club. 

24 
33 



c  Fretes 

£  Chul... 

c 

1596 
2227 
2899 
5079 

4 
18 
44 

1595 

£  King's  Early 

1  Kubanka 

46 

0 

1596 

c  Kubanka  . 

63 

2899 

r    Kuhanka 

40 

FIG.  4.     Making  crosses  of  wheat  at  Yuba  City. 

Kansas  Hybrids. — Besides  the  crosses  made  at  the  stations,  sixty-six 
hybrids  developed  at  the  Kansas  station  were  grown  at  Yuba  City  sta- 
tion, all  in  row  plantings.  They  were  seeded  January  20th  to  22d  and 
had  germinated  by  February  5th.  The  stand  of  most  of  them  was  fair. 
Most  of  these  hybrids  have  proven  themselves  worthy  of  another  trial, 
but  a  few  of  them  have  been  discarded.  The  tabulation  which  follows 
is  of  those  which  have  made  the  best  showing: 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


285 


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286  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

There  are  few,  if  any,  of  these  which  seem  to  have  any  advantage  in 
field  characteristics  over  the  standard  varieties  in  the  field  plantings.  In 
most  cases  these  did  not  mature  as  early  as  those  in  the  field  plantings. 
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anything  like  a  fair  idea  of  their  worth.  They  will  be  under  trial 
another  season  before  entering  any  of  them  in  the  field  section. 

U.  S.  D.  A.  Hybrids. — Seventy-two  hybrids  from  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  were  also  under  trial,  all  of  which  reached 
maturity.  These  were  seeded  in  rows  12  inches  apart,  January  12th 
to  17th,  and  cultivated  throughout  the  season  on  account  of  the  large 
number  of  weeds  which  developed  in  the  plats.  All  of  these  were 
seeded  too  late  to  obtain  the  best  results.  In  most  cases  they  are 
spreading  in  character,  thus  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  winter 
varieties,  and  as  previously  indicated  will  have  to  be  grown  upon  clean 
summer-fallow  land  to  make  good  under  our  conditions. 

The  results  from  the  most  promising  varieties  are  shown  in  tabular 
form  below: 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


287 


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288  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

CLASS   II.    FIELD   PLANTINGS.    YUBA  CITY,  1905-6. 

In  the  matter  of  field  plantings  in  order  to  get  a  start  in  1906  a 
number  of  varieties  were  selected  which  had  given  good  results  at  a 
number  of  the  other  experiment  stations  of  the  country,  and  in  the 
other  cooperative  experiments  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
These,  together  with  ^the  common  California  varieties,  were  sown  on 
various  sized  plats  in  this  class.  Hereafter,  however,  no  variety  will 
be  introduced  into  the  field  tests  until  it  shall  have  demonstrated  its 
right  to  such  a  place  by  a  satisfactory  showing  in  the  preliminary  row 
plantings,  and  those  now  introduced  will  be  gradually  narrowed 'by 
comparative  tests  until  only  the  very  best  remain. 

Out  of  a  considerable  number  of  field  plantings  only  those  tabulated 
below  seem  worthy  to  continue  in  this  class.  Some  others  will  be  intro- 
duced, however,  for  the  next  season.  The  weedy  condition  of  the  field, 
together  with  the  fact  that  the  seasonal  conditions  did  not  permit  the 
planting  of  a  number  of  the  winter  varieties  sufficiently  early  to  have 
them  under  the  proper  conditions,  will  account  for  the  low  yields.  In 
a  few  cases  the  yields  were  not  thought  sufficiently  accurate  to  include, 
although  the  general  field  conditions  were  such  as  to  warrant  a  con- 
tinuance of  the  variety  in  the  field  trials.  Before  really  satisfactory 
tests  can  be  made  the  land  will  have  to  be  put  in  a  cleaner  condition 
than  it  is  at  the  present  time.  -It  may  be  said  that  a  strenuous  effort 
is  being  made  the  present  season  to  so  clean  the  land  of  weeds  that 
hereafter  the  winter  wheats  may  not  be  at  such  a  disadvantage  against 
the  upright  growing  ones. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


289 


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90  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  the  low-spreading  wheats 
gave  results  much  too  low  to  rank  with  the  upright-growing  common 
sorts;  the  average  yield  of  the  spreading  varieties  of  winter  wheats 
being  but  8.60  bushels  per  acre,  while  the  upright-growing  varieties 
gave  an  average  of  9.30  bushels.  This  difference  in  yield  is  no  doubt 
due  in  part  to  certain  external  causes,  which  must  be  reckoned  with 
annually  in  any  attempt  to  grow  this  class  of  wheats.  Among  these 
causes  are  the  uncertainty  of  being  able  to  seed  sufficiently  early  on 
land  that  has  grown  a  cereal  crop  the  year  previous  and  the  foul  con- 
dition of  the  land.  We  can  not  regard  results  obtained  in  these 
experiments  as  at  all  conclusive  until  it  is  possible  to  free  the  land 
devoted  to  these  comparative  trials  from  weeds. 

These  difficulties  can  be  overcome  in  a  measure  by  putting  the  plats 
upon  summer-fallow  land,  and  it  may  prove  that  we  shall  have  to  follow 
this  practice,  for  a  time  at  least,  in  order  to  get  satisfactory  tests  with 
these  spreading  varieties. 

It  is  doubtless  true  that  all  these  wheats  will  do  much  better  after 
becoming  acclimated  in  California.  This  year  against  our  common 
wheats  they  were  at  considerable  disadvantage  in  this  respect. 

The  durums  used  in  field  plantings  in  most  cases  surpassed  the 
common  wheats  by  notable  amounts,  the  average  yield  being  13.19 
bushels  per  acre  as  against  9.30  bushels  for  the  upright-growing 
varieties,   and  surpassing  the   Salt  Lake  Club  by  4^  bushels  per  acre. 

CLASS  III.    SPECIAL  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  experiments  under  this  class  have  been  planned  for  the  purpose 
of  trying  out  some  of  the  mooted  questions  relative  to  cereal  culture,  in 
addition  to  the  main  study  of  problems  relating  to  the  apparent  gradual 
loss  of  gluten  in  wheats  that  are  introduced  here  and  the  cause  of  the 
relatively  low  gluten  content  of  the  wheats  which  are  grown  in  the  State 
as  compared  with  the  same  varieties  grown  in  certain  other  states.  All 
these  special  experiments  were  begun  in  the  season  of  1905-6,  and  for  this 
reason  the  results  stated  below  can  only  be  looked  upon  as  a  mere 
record  of  work  under  way,  and  no  attempt  is  made  to  draw  conclusions. 
This  can  only  be  done  after  more  extended  work. 

Experiment  A.     Fertilizers  for  Wheat. 

Much  has  been  said  by  millers  and  others  as  to  the  reduced  fertility 
of  the  wheat  soils  in  the  regions  represented  by  the  two  stations,  and 
the  effect  of  the  deterioration  upon  the  quality  of  wheat  produced.  To 
gain  some  definite  information  along  this  line  and  to  study  the  effect  of 
various  combinations  of  plant  food,  especially  nitrogen,  as  affecting  the 
gluten  content  of  the  wheats,  a  series  of  fertilizer  trials  is  being  conducted. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


291 


The  material  used  on  each  of  these  plats  was  prepared  by  thoroughly 
pulverizing  and  mixing.  In  the  case  of  the  nitrate  of  soda,  one-half  of 
the  amount  was  used  in  the  winter,  January  3,  1906,  after  plowing, 
and  at  once  disked  and  harrowed  in,  and  the  remainder  was  applied  to 
the  growing  grain  on  April  7,  1906.  All  plats  were  prepared  at  the 
same  time  and  in  all  respects  subjected  to  the  same  treatment.  The 
plats  were  seeded  with  Salt  Lake  Club  wheat  at  the  rate  of  72  pounds 
per  acre  on  January  23,  1906.  The  size  of  the  plats  devoted  to  these 
trials  is  one- twentieth  of  an  acre.     . 

These  plats  are  expected  ultimately  to  answer  not  only  the  question 
as  to  whether  there  will  be  an  absolute  increase  in  the  yield,  but  also 
whether  this  increase,  if  any  be  obtained,  can  be  secured  at  a  profit  from 
the  ordinary  materials  in  the  market.  Further,  analyses  of  the  grain 
grown  upon  these  plats  for  a  series  of  years  are  expected  to  show  what, 
if  any,  is  the  effect  of  the  materials  used  upon  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  gluten. 

TABLE  VII.    Results  of  Experiment  A.    Yuba  City,  1905-6. 


With  Lime. 

With  Lime  (132£  lbs.  hydrated). 

Fertilizer  Used. 

Plat 

No. 

Spring  Condition 

Yield 

Per 

Acre: 

Bushels 

Plat 
No. 

Spring  Condition 

Yield 

Per 

Acre: 

Bushels 

No  fertilizer  (check) 

15 

Yellowish  green 

10.66 

16 

Yellowish  green 

9.33 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash } 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda f 

19 

Dark  green 

8.33 

20 

Green _. 

20.66 

30  lbs.  dissolved  bone-black' 
6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash f 

23 

Dark  green 

12.33 

24 

Light  green 

17.00 

30  lbs.  dissolved  bone-black) 
10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda j 

27 

Dark  green 

20.33 

28 

Green 

17.33 

30  lbs.  dissolved  bone-black) 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash V 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda ) 

31 

Dark  green 

15.00 

32 

Dark  green 

19.33 

No  fertilizer  (check) 

33 

Yellowish  green 
Dark  green 

13.66 

34 

Light  green 

Pale  green 

15.33 

26^2  lbs.  Thomas  phosphate) 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash > 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda ) 

35 

18.00 

36 

9.33 

30  lbs.    ammoniated     bone) 
superphosphate j 

39 

Green 

13.33 

• 

Experiment  B.     Rotation. 

There  is  a  definite  need  of  systematically  conducted  experiments  to 
ascertain  positively  the  wisdom  of  the  practice  of  bare  summer-fallow  in 
cereal  culture.  To  continue  it  in  regions  where  it  is  not  absolutely 
essential  is  certainly  a  suicidal  policy,  and  one  which  is  losing  vast  sums 
to  the  State  in  wasted  opportunity.  Especially  is  this  true  since  it  has 
been  quite  conclusively  shown  by  the  Experiment  Station  of  Minnesota 

3— bul  185 


292  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

that  the  practice  of  such  bare  fallow  leads  to  the  oxidation  of  organic 
matter  to  such  an  extent  that  sufficient  nitrates  are  developed  to  supply- 
four  or  five  crops  of  wheat,  but  that  these  nitrates  are  practically  all  lost 
in  the  drainage  water  in  the  following  winter. 

This  actual  burning  up  of  the  humus  of  the  soil,  especially  in  semi- 
arid  regions,  is  one  of  the  most  woful  wastes  of  California  agricultural 
practice.  This  is  the  more  true  since  in  the  semi-arid  regions  moisture 
is  the  all-important  factor  of  crop  production  and  the  bare-fallow  system 
steadily  and  surely  reduces  the  amount  of  organic  matter  in  soils  and 
thus  their  moisture-holding  power.  Soils  rich  in  humus  can  produce 
maximum  crops  with  much  less  precipitation  than  those  which  are  defi- 
cient. Thus  any  system  of  farming  in  dry  sections  which  tends  to 
lower  the  percentage  of  organic  matter  inevitably  courts  disaster. 

Very  pertinent  to  this  is  an  experiment  described  by  Professor  Cavan- 
augh,  of  Cornell  Experiment  Station.  He  undertook  the  analysis  of  soil 
from  an  orchard  where  three  successive  crops  of  crimson  clover  had  been 
plowed  under.  In  order  to  learn  what  change,  if  any,  had  been  produced, 
another  sample  from  the  same  field,  but  where  no  clover  had  grown, 
was  also  examined.  These  two  samples  were  taken  about  20  feet  apart, 
and  there  was  no  reason  to  suppose  that  previous  to  the  growing  of  the 
clover,  the  soil  in  these  two  places  was  materially  different.  The  amounts 
of  moisture,  humus  and  nitrogen,  were  determined. 

The  results  were  as  follows: 

With  No  Clover    After  Clover  Differ- 

Per  Cent.  Per  Cent.  ence. 

Moisture 8.75  15.00  6.25 

Humus 1.91  2.94  1.03 

Nitrogen... .12  .21  .09 

Possibly  a  more  definite  idea  may  be  had  of  these  differences  if  the 
increased  amounts  per  acre  are  calculated.  Since  the  soil  was  in  an 
orchard,  where  the  extreme  depth  of  cultivation  was  about  6  inches,  the 
samples  were  taken  to  that  depth.  The  average  weight  of  soils  per  acre 
for  a  depth  of  6  inches  is  about  750  tons, or  1 ,500,000  pounds;  6.25  per  cent 
of  this  amount,  in  the  case  of  moisture,  would  show  an  increased  water- 
holding  capacity  of  93,750  pounds,  or  46J  tons.  This  result  was  made 
possible  by  the  increased  amount  of  humus,  and  a  careful  system  of 
surface  tillage.  If  there  had  been  no  other  benefit  from  this  system  of 
green-manuring  than  this  increased  power  to  hold  moisture,  it  would 
have  more  than  paid  for  seed  and  labor,  for  an  extra  46  tons  of  water  is 
very  convenient  in  a  dry  time,  and  might  possibly  be  the  turning  point 
between  success  and  failure. 

Already  the  wheat  soils  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  have  had  their 
humus  content  so  seriously  impaired  as  to  render  it  extremely  doubtful 
if  it  is  at  all  possible  to  produce  three  good  successive  crops  of  wheat 
upon  the  same  land,  largely  on  account  of  their  lack  of  moisture-holding 
power.     This  is  not  equally  true  of  the  heavier  soils  represented  by  the 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


293 


Yuba  City  station.  On  the  former  lands,  then,  rotation  experiments 
reduce  to  rinding  a  remedy  for  a  condition  already  induced  by  continued 
bad  practice.  This  is  one  of  the  problems  embraced  in  the  cereal  investi- 
gation. Some  crop  must  be  found  to  grow  in  winter  alternating  with 
wheat  and  other  cereals  to  increase  the  humus,  and  thus  not  only  enable 
a  better  cereal  crop  to  be  grown  with  the  same  precipitation,  but  also 
enable  us  to  replenish  the  depleted  nitrogen.  Some  leguminous  crop 
that  will  make  a  winter  growth  must  be  found.  To  this  end  the  rota- 
tion experiments  are  laid  out  upon  each  station. 

The  plan  involves  essentially  a  two-year  rotation,  as  appears  in  the 
following  scheme: 

TABLE  VIII.  Plan  of  Rotation  Plats  for  Cooperative  Experiments  in  California. 


First  Year. 


Second  Year. 


Third  Year. 


Fourth  Year. 


1.  Wheat 

2.  Wheat 

3.  Fallow 

4.  Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 

5.  Wheat  


Wheat 
Fallow 
Wheat 
Wheat 


6.  Canadian  Field  Pea 

(turned  under). 

7.  Wheat 

8.  Wheat 

*9.  Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Kaffir  Corn ._ 


Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Wheat 


Canadian  Field  Pea 

(turned  under). 
Wheat 

Wheat 


10.  Wheat 


11. 

12. 


Rye    and    Vetch 
(turned  under). 
Wheat 


Horse  Bean  (turn- 
ed under). 

Kaffir  Corn.. 

Wheat 


Rye    and    Vetch 
(turned  under). 


Wheat 

Wheat 

Fallow    

Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Wheat _ 

Canadian  Field  Pea 

(turned  under). 
Wheat  

Wheat  

Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Kaffir  Corn 

Wheat 

Rye    and    Vetch 
(turned  under). 
Wheat 


Wheat. 
Fallow. 
Wheat. 
Wheat. 

Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Wheat. 

Canadian  Field  Pea 

(turned  under). 
Wheat. 
Wheat. 


Horse  Bean  (turned 

under). 
Kaffir  Corn. 
Wheat. 

Rye    and    Vetch 
(turned  under). 


Experiment  C.     Change  of  Seed. 

There  is  a  widespread  idea  among  growers  that  a  frequent  change  of 
seed  is  desirable,  or  even  essential,  to  good  crop  production.  Work  already 
done  along  this  line  by  other  stations  has  cast  much  doubt  upon  the 
wisdom  of  such  change. f  The  favorable  conditions  for  conducting  such 
an  experiment  between  the  two  stations,  and  the  extent  of  the  practice 
among  California  wheat-growers,  were  thought  to  warrant  its  introduc- 
tion into  this  general  scheme  of  special  experiments. 

The  scheme  devotes  two  plats  of  one-twentieth  acre  each  to  this  work. 
One  plat  is  to  be  continuously  devoted  to  one  variety  of  seed;  the  other 
is  to  have  its  seed  changed  each  year  with  that  of  the  other  station. 
The  seed  used  in  these  trials  is  Salt  Lake  Club.  The  object  sought  is  a 
comparison  of  the  yield  between  the  two  plats. 


*  These  plats  not  used  at  Modesto. 

t  Bulletin  No.  181,  California  Experiment  Station,  pp.  165-169. 


294  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

Experiment  D.     Tendency  toward  Constancy  of  Change  to  Starchy  Con- 
ditions, and  Effect  of  Time  of  Cutting  on  Composition  of  Wheat. 

There  is  a  special  need  in  California  for  a  type  of  wheat  adapted  to 
our  soils  and  climate  which  carries  a  much  higher  gluten  content  than 
any  now  grown,  in  order  that  we  may  supply  from  our  home  product  all 
the  demand  for  milling  wheat.  For  many  years  the  station  has  intro- 
duced gluten  wheats  for  trials,  but  on  the  limited  scale  of  operation  no 
variety  has  been  found  which  did  not  within  a  few  years  show  a  decided 
reduction  in  gluten  content  and  an  apparently  corresponding  increase  in 
starch . 

The  experiment  has  for  its  object  a  search  for  the  cause  of  such  change 
in  order  that  we  may  the  better  determine  the  means  of  controlling  it. 

It  is  particularly  desirable  to  know  whether  or  not  this  tendency  to 
change  is  constant;  whether  it  is  due  to  climatic  conditions,  the  time  of 
cutting,  the  bleaching  action  of  the  sun,  or  some  induced  or  inherent 
condition  of  the  soil.  It  is  proposed  to  study  all  these  points,  as  well 
as  others  that  may  suggest  themselves  in  connection  herewith.  During 
the  season  of  1905-6  special  attention  has  been  directed  to  the  influence 
of  the  time  of  cutting,  or  more  specifically  the  effect  on  the  gluten  con- 
tent of  the  grain  by  cutting  it  in  the  hard-dough  stage  as  is  done  in  the 
Eastern  States  instead  of  allowing  the  grain  to  become  over-ripe  and 
very  dry  as  is  the  practice  here  with  the  combined  harvester.  While 
but  a  single  season's  work  is  recorded,  yet  in  this  experiment  because  of 
the  large  number  of  samples  used,  and  since  the  samples  cut  in  any  one 
season  must  be  compared  only  with  others  of  the  same  variety  grown 
in  the  same  season  under  identical  conditions  except  for  the  time  of 
harvest,  the  results  may  be  considered  as  giving  a  very  fair  indication 
as  to  whatever  effect  may  be  attributed  to  either  practice.  This,  how- 
ever, will  not  apply  to  the  matter  of  constancy  of  change,  but  only  to 
the  effect  of  the  time  of  cutting.  The  former  will  require  a  series  of 
seasons  before  data  will  be  at  hand  for  comparison,  although  the  data 
secured  this  season  are  of  decided  interest. 

This  experiment  is  divided  into  several  parts,  each  having  a  special 
object  in  view. 

Part  1  contemplates  determination  of  the  constancy  of  change  in  wheat 
from  a  glutenous  to  a  starchy  condition  over  a  series  of  years  on  the 
same  wheats  grown  under  the  same  field  conditions.  There  is  also  con- 
templated a  determination  of  the  seasonal  influence  upon  such  change. 
As  a  point  of  departure  for  the  experiment,  three  varieties  of  wheat  grown 
in  California  the  previous  season,  each  showing  a  number  of  more  or 
less  starchy  variations  from  the  type  selected,  were  chosen,  and  each  was 
separated  into  several  types  of  grains,  as  indicated  in  the  subjoined  table: 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


295 


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296  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

The  above  table  indicates  that  for  the  past  season  there  was  a  slight 
decrease  in  the  gluten  (albuminoids)  in  the  late  cutting  as  against  the 
earlier,  but  that  this  was  very  small  from  a  practical  standpoint.  Just 
what  influence  the  seasonal  conditions  may  have  had  upon  this  change 
can  not  be  said.  In  most  instances  it  will  be  noted  that  the  chemical 
analysis  corresponds  with  the  count  based  upon  the  physical  appearance 
of  the  grains.  This  is  especially  true  in  the  case  of  Kubanka  2221,  in 
which  case  the  difference  in  the  physical  appearance  of  the  grains  was 
very  marked  and  easily  observed.  In  the  case  of  Chul  2227  the  differ- 
ence in  the  physical  appearance  of  the  grains  was  often  quite  difficult 
to  detect,  which  may  explain,  in  a  measure  at  least,  the  apparent 
discrepancy.  The  chemical  analyses  given  are  the  result  of  triplicate 
determinations  which  gave  essentially  the  same  results. 

Part  2  of  this  experiment  contemplates  following  the  percentage  of 
change  on  the  same  varieties  of  wheat  each  year  for  a  series  of  years  and 
comparing  this  change  with  the  climatic  conditions  for  the  same  period. 
Several  varieties  of  wheat  were  selected,  and  the  percentage  of  typical 
grains  (i.  e.  those  that  daring  the  previous  season  had  remained  true 
to  type)  was  determined,  as  indicated  in  column  4  of  the  table,  this 
determination  being  made  upon  1,000  grains  of  the  wheat.  At  the  end 
of  the  season  the  count  was  made  upon  the  progeny,  the  idea  being 
that  if  there  was  a  decidedly  constant  tendency  toward  change  to  the 
starchy  condition  then  there  should  be  annually  a  decreasing  number 
of  typical  grains,  and  if  the  start  was  made  with  a  high  gluten  wheat,  a 
gradual  lowering  of  the  gluten  content  would  take  place  until  it  ap- 
proached the  condition  of  the  wheats  now  grown  in  the  State. 

To  ascertain  also  the  effect  of  the  time  of  cutting,  two  cuttings  of  each 
of  the  varieties  was  made,  the  first  being  while  the  grain  was  in  the  hard- 
dough  stage,  while  the  second  cutting  was  made  when  the  grain  was  in 
the  condition  that  generally  obtains  when  the  combined  harvester  is 
used.     The  results  are  presented  below: 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


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298  UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

In  the  above  table  one  of  the  interesting  points  is  that  instead  of  a 
decreasing  number  of  typical  grains  as  indicated  by  the  physical 
appearance,  there  was  in  general  an  increase  in  1906  over  1905,  in- 
dicating, if  the  physical  appearance  is  always  a  reliable  method  of 
judging  of  the  character  of  the  grain,  that  the  change  toward  the 
starchy  condition  is  not  a  constant  but  a  fluctuating  one,  probably 
governed  much  in  the  case  of  any  given  variety  by  the  seasonal  factor. 
Here  again  it  is  indicated  by  the  season's  crop  that  the  time  of  cutting 
after  the  grain  has  reached  the  hard-dough  stage  had  but  little  if  any 
influence  upon  the  gluten  content,  for  in  only  four  out  of  eight  cases 
did  the  earlier  cutting  show  a  higher  percentage  of  albuminoids ;  and 
even-  in  these  cases  the  larger  amount  was  not  sufficient  to  give  the 
earlier  cut  grain  any  practical  advantage  over  that  cut  later,  a  point 
also  shown  in  Table  IX. 

Experiment    G.     Effect  of   Change  of  Environment    on    Composition  of 

Wheat. 

The  purpose  of  this  experiment  is  to  determine  the  effect  of  the  change 
of  environment  upon  the  chemical  and  physical  characteristics  of 
wheat.  Both  common  and  durum  wheats  are  being  used  in  these  trials. 
In  the  former  case  the  Hays,  Kansas,  and  the  Amarillo,  Texas,  cereal 
stations  are  cooperating  with  the  Yuba  City  station,  Crimean  1437 
being  the  wheat  used  in  the  trials.  In  this  experiment  there  is  an 
annual  interchange  of  seed  between  the  Yuba  City  station  and  the 
other  cooperating  stations,  the  same  variety  being  grown  from  local 
seed  each  year  at  the  several  stations.  The  yields  per  acre  and  the 
chemical  and  physical  character  of  the  grains  from  the  local  and  inter- 
changed seed  are  annually  compared. 

•  The  experiment  with  durum  wheat  is  conducted  with  Kubanka  2246, 
and  the  cooperating  stations  are  Hays,  Kansas,  and  Highmore,  South 
Dakota. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS.  299 

THE  MODESTO  CEREAL  STATION,  1905-6. 

The  station  comprises  twenty  acres  of  land  of  a  silty  nature  located 
about  four  miles  east  of  Modesto,  near  what  is  known  as  the  Waterford 
road.  During  the  season  of  1905-6  about  fourteen  acres  were  devoted 
to  plat  work,  the  remainder  being  summer-fallowed  for  the  crop  of  1906-7. 

During  the  autumn  of  1905  the  rain  came  very  late,  so  that  .plowing 
was  not  commenced  until  December  6th.  ^s  the  surface  had  been 
doubled-disked  after  the  previous  crop  had  been  taken  off,  the  soil  was 
in  very  good  shape  to  absorb' the  moisture  as  soon  as  it  came. 

Preparation  of  the  Soil. — The  plowing  was  done  to  a  depth  of  about 
6  inches  with  a  14-inch  walking  plow,  while  the  soil  was  still  quite 
dry.  On  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  season  it  was  not  deemed 
advisable  to  delay  longer.  However,  the  soil  was  put  into  a  fair  condi- 
tion, but  the  under  soil  was  not  as  compact  as  advisable  for  a  cereal 
crop  in  this  locality. 

The  month  of  December  was  quite  cool  and  the  climatic  conditions 
poor  for  germinating  the  seed,  consequently  many  of  the  varieties  did 
not  germinate  for  more  than  a  month  after  seeding,  and  in  many  plats 
the  percentage  of  germination  was  quite  low.  In  the  case  of  the  larger 
plats  seeded  with  a  drill  the  60  pounds  of  seed  used  proved  too  small  a 
quantity  for  the  most  satisfactory  results.  Under  favorable  conditions 
for  germination  and  stooling  60  pounds  per  acre  might  prove  sufficient 
upon  summer-fallow  land,  but  to  meet  all  emergencies  we  are  inclined 
to  favor  a  heavier  seeding. 

As  at  Yuba  City  the  season  proved  altogether  too  late  for  satisfactory 
results  with  such  varieties  as  Kharkov,  Turkey,  and  Crimean. 

On  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  station  it  will  be  necessary  to  summer- 
fallow,  especially  when  the  winter  varieties  are  planted,  and  it  is 
altogether  probable  that  this  will  prove  true  with  other  varieties  if  any 
satisfactory  yields  are  obtained. 

Summary  of  Plantings  at  Modesto,  1905-6. 

Standard  varieties  of  common  and  durum  wheats 370 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture  hybrids 72 

Kansas  hybrids 66 

Barleys 12f7 

Oats  ._ 22 

Spelt 1 

Rye 3 

Emmer _ _ 2 

Einkorn 1 

Corn 1 

Total _ _ 665 

The  general  scheme  adopted  at  Modesto  is  the  same  as  that  at  Yuba 
City. 

CLASS  I.    NURSERY  PLANTINGS,  MODESTO,  1905-6. 
Class  I  (a). — Of  the  plantings  under   this  class  the  following  table 
presents  the  important  features  of  the  more  promising  varieties: 


300 


UNIVERSITY    OP    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


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302 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


Class  I  (b),  Modesto. — Upon  the  basis  set  forth  in  previous  pages  of 
this  bulletin  the  following  named  grains  have  been  selected  for  centgener 
plantings  at  Modesto  1906-7,  and  the  plan  set  forth  on  pages  281-282 
will  be  followed  for  their  improvement  by  selection: 

Wheats. 


1181. 

Japanese  No.  4 

2507. 

(From  New  Zealand) 

1442. 

Kharkov 

293/04. 

California  Gem 

1494. 

Arnautka 

Early  Baart 

1596. 

Fretes 

V.A 

C.207. 

Schiddam 

1698. 

Allora 

V.A 

C.208. 

Samaur  de  Mars 

1732. 

Fish  Head 

Minn.    66. 

Power's  Fife 

1746. 

King's  Early 

Minn.  163. 

Glyndon 

2227. 

Chul 

Australian  (1906) 

2246. 

Kubanka 

Club  (S.  L.) 

2247. 

Velvet  Don 

Propo  (1906) 

2397. 

Red  Winter 

Sonora  (1906) 

2398. 

Galgalos 

Barleys. 

Rice 
Oats. 

194. 

Telli 

337. 

Algerian 

195. 

White  Smyrna 

339. 

Appier  Rust  Proof 

Chevalier 

442. 

Dun 

Common  California 

451. 

California 

Class  I  (c),  Modesto. — A  number  of  crosses  of  high  gluten  wheats  upon 

our  common  stocks  from  selected  plants  were   made  at    Modesto  this 

year,  the  complete  list  being  set  forth  in  tabular  form  below.     These 

hybrids  will  be  used  as  the  basis  for  selection   and  further  work  in 

hybridizing.     The  list  of  crosses  made  at  the  Modesto  station  follows: 

TABLE  XII.    List  of  Crosses  Made  at  Modesto,  Cal.,  1905-6,  Giving   Number  of 

Grains  Obtained  from  Each  Cross. 


Female  Plant. 

Male  Plant. 

Number 
of  Grains 
Obtained. 

Number. 

Name. 

Name. 

Number. 

212/02 

1494 

1558 

Fretes 3 

Club... 3 

Arnautka... 3 

Club.. _ 3 

Turkey 3 

Club 3 

Bluestem j 

Fretes. _ _.   i 

Bluestem i 

Arnautka i 

Bluestem i 

:  Club ..: 

:   Fretes ._ 

:  Club 

:  Arnautka 

:  Club     

212/02 

1494 

1558 
212/02 

1494 

1558 

9 
18 
25 
32 
12 

1494 

:  Turkey 

:  Fretes _ 

:  Bluestem 

:  Arnautka 

:  Bluestem 

z  Turkey _. 

9 

7 
15 

1 

11 
21 

Kansas  Hybrids  at  Modesto. — Sixty-six  of  the  Kansas  hybrids  were 
grown  at  the  Modesto  station,  all  in  row  plantings.  They  were  seeded 
December  11,  1905,  but  in  most  cases  germination  did  not  take  place 
for  at  least  a  month.  The  final  stand  obtained  was  good,  but  the  vigor 
only  fair.  On  March  6th  the  plants  were  still  all  very  small  and  those 
of  spreading  nature  had  made  no  upright  growth  at  all.  Although  both 
season  and  soil  conditions  were  decidedly  against  the  best  growth  of 
these  hybrids,  a  number  of  them  give  promise  of  being  desirable  wheats. 
Below  is  presented  a  tabulation  of  some  of  the  more  promising. 


CEREAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 


303 


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304 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


U.  S.  D.  A.  Hybrids. — Seventy-two  of  the  Department  hybrids  were 
seeded,  of  which  number  thirty-one  failed  to  mature.  They  were  all 
seeded  in  rows  on  December  11-12,  and  were  cultivated  throughout  the 
season  with  a  hand  cultivator.  The  results  of  the  most  promising  ones 
are  tabulated  on  page  305. 

CLASS  II.     FIELD   PLANTINGS  AT  MODESTO,  1905-6. 

In  general,  the  same  remarks  as  made  under  the  corresponding  head 
for  Yuba  City  will  hold  for  the  field  plantings  at  Modesto.  The  yields 
were  in  all  cases  very  low  —lower  than  at  Yuba  City.  On  page  306  is 
a  table  showing  varieties  that  made  the  more  favorable  showing. 

There  are  a  few  varieties  of  which  special  mention  should  be  made. 
These  are  Fretes  1596,  Red  Winter  2397,  Minn.  66,  Minn.  163,  Galgalos 
2398,  Ventura  Agricultural  Co.  207  and  208,  Velvet  Don  2247,  Yellow 
Gharnovka  2096,  Chul  2227,  Kubanka,  and  Early  Baart.  Although 
none  of  these  were  high  in  yield,  they  made  a  favorable  showing  and 
are  worthy  of  further  field  trial.  The  general  appearance  of  these 
varieties  was  good  throughout  the  season,  their  yield  as  compared  with 
other  varieties  good,  and  the  appearance  of  the  grain  after  threshing, 
favorable.  Early  Baart  was  especially  favorable  on  account  of  the  quick 
growth.     All  of  the  durums  made  a  favorable  showing. 

The  following  list  of  grains  were  determined  upon  for  introduction 
into  the  field  tests  under  Class  II: 


1437. 

Crimean 

Dietz  Amber 

1494. 

Arnautka 

Rice 

1558. 

Turkey 

Mealy 

1561. 

Theiss 

Early  Pearl 

1580. 

Girgeh 

Minn, 

,    66. 

Power's  Fife 

1596. 

Fretes 

Minn. 

163. 

Glyndon 

1597. 

Medeah 

Minn, 

,169. 

Haynes'  Bluestem 

1698. 

Allora 

Minn. 

146. 

Bolton's  Bluestem 

1699. 

Canning  Downs 

Gold  Coin 

1704. 

Pootung 

English  Master 

1746. 

King's  Early 

Philippino 

1733. 

Dawson's  Golden  Chaff 

V.  A.  C. 

208. 

Saumaur  de  Mars 

2096. 

Yellow  Gharnovka 

V.  A.  C. 

209. 

Dattel 

2227. 

Chul 

Early  Baart 

2239. 

Beloglina 

Bobs 

2246. 

Kubanka 

Little  Club  (S.  L). 

2247. 
2337. 

Velvet  Don 
Black  Emmer 

Sonora  (1906) 
Australian  ((1906) 

2391. 

Propo(1906) 

2397. 

Red  Winter 

Washington  Bluestem 

2398. 

Galgalos 
Red  Russian 

Golden  Gate  Club 

CEREAL  INVESTIGATIONS. 


305 


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CEREAL  INVESTIGATIONS. 


307 


CLASS  III.    SPECIAL  EXPERIMENTS,  MODESTO,  1905-6. 

Experiment  A.     Fertilizers  for  Wheat. 

The  material  used  on  each  of  these  plats  was  prepared  by  thoroughly 
pulverizing  and  mixing.  In  the  case  of  nitrate  of  soda,  one-half  of  the 
total  amount  was  applied  in  the  fall  mixture,  and  the  other  half  was 
used  as  a  top  dressing.  On  April  28th  the  plats  were  first  seeded  with 
Theiss  1561  wheat.  On  December  15,  1905,  at  the  rate  of  60  pounds  per 
acre.  This  made  such  a  poor  stand  that  on  February  26th  the  plats 
were  thoroughly  disked  and  seeded  with  Kuban  ka  at  the  rate  of  70 
pounds  per  acre.     The  results  are  set  forth  below: 

TABLE  XVI.     Results  of  Expeeiment  A,  Modesto,  1905-6. 


Fertilizer  Used. 


Plat 
Number. 


Yield  per 

Acre: 
Bushels. 


No  fertilizer  (check  plat) . ._ 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash ... 

30  lbs.  ammoniated  bone  superphosphate  ..[ 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash .\ 

30  lbs.  ammoniated  bone  superphosphate I 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda ) 

30  lbs.  ammoniated  bone  superphosphate ) 

lu  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda     .   __ > 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash ._ _..) 

No  fertilizer  (check  plat)_._ 

26}^  lbs.  Thomas  phosphate ._ 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda ._ .. . 

30  lbs.  ammoniated  bone  superphosphate ^ 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash I 

10  lbs.  nitrate  of  soda [ 

1323^  lbs.  hydrated  lime J 

132^  lbs.  hydrated  lime. 

30  lbs.  ammoniated  bone  superphosphate ....  .... 

30  lbs  acidulated  bone  black 

6  lbs.  sulfate  of  potash ._. . 


1 
3 

5 

7 

9 
11 
13 

15 

17 
19 

21 


7.66 
3.33 

2  66 
8.33 

7.00 
7.00 
8.33 

12.66 

7  00 
11.33 

9.66 


Experiment  B,  Modesto,  1905-6. 

This  experiment  was  conducted  along  the  same  lines  at  Modesto  as 
at  Yuba  City,  certain  of  the  varieties  being  the  same  in  each  place  and 
others  different.  The  results  at  Modesto  are  set  forth  in  the  following 
tables: 


4— bul  185 


308 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


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310  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

An  examination  of  these  tables  will  reveal  the  fact  that  while  there 
was  an  apparent  slight  decrease  in  the  amount  of  albuminoids  by  allow- 
ing the  grain  to  stand  in  the  field  for  a  month  after  it  reached  the  hard- 
dough  stage,  yet  this  was  not  without  exception  in  several  cases,  as 
for  instance  in  the  case  of  Chul  2227,  spotted  in  part  1,  where  the 
early-cut  grain  carried  12.56  per  cent  albuminoids,  and  the  late-cut 
carried  13.76  per  cent;  the  same  thing  was  again  true  in  the  case  of 
Turkey  changed.  In  part  2  of  the  same  experiment  this  same  thing  is 
noticed  in  the  case  of  Nos.  2203,  2235,  and  2033.  In  the  face  of  this 
number  of  cases,  taken  together  with  the  same  fact  developed  at  the  Yuba 
City  station,  it  would  seem  that  the  change  toward  a  starchy  condition 
involves  other  factors  than  the  matter  of  time  of  cutting  after  the  grain 
reaches  the  hard-dough  stage.  The  same  experiment  will  be  con- 
ducted for  another  season,  and  the  work  repeated  at  several  stages  of 
ripeness.  For  this  reason  the  above  analyses  are  merely  set  forth  as 
tentative  results,  and  the  remarks  made  at  this  time  may  be  subject  to 
modification  as  other  work  is  done. 

Other  experiments  involving  rotation  of  crops  on  wheat  land,  fertili- 
zation with  legumes,  change  of  seed,  and  the  influence  of  quality  of  seed 
wheat  on  its  progeny  are  also  under  way,  but  the  short  time  they  have 
been  conducted  prevents  more  than  a  mere  mention  of  them  at  this  time. 

The  results  of  each  of  these  experiments  will  be  duly  published  in 
bulletin  form  for  distribution  as  soon  as  data  of  importance  have  been 
secured. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS.  311 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 


REPORTS. 


1896.  Report    of    the    Viticultural    Work    during    the    seasons    1887-93,    with    data 

regarding  the  Vintages  of  1894-95. 

1897.  Resistant    Vines,    their    Selection,   Adaptation,    and    Grafting.      Appendix    to 

Viticultural  Report  for  1896. 

1898.  Partial   Report  of   Work  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  years 

1895-96   and    1896-97. 
1900.     Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  vear  1897-98. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1901-1903. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-1904. 


TECHNICAL   BULLETINS— ENTOMOLOGICAL  SERIES. 


Vol.  1,  No.  1.     Wing  Veins  of  Insects. 

No.  2.     Catalogue  of  the  Ephydridse. 


BULLETINS. 


Reprint.  Endurance  of  Drought  in  Soils  of  the  Arid  Region. 

No.  128.  Nature,  Value  and  Utilization  of  Alkali  Lands,  and  Tolerance  of  Alkali. 
(Revised  and  Reprint,  1905.) 

133.  Tolerance  of  Alkali  by  Various  Cultures. 

140.  Lands  of  the  Colorado  Delta  in  Salton  Basin,  and  Supplement. 

141.  Deciduous  Fruits  at  Paso  Robles. 

142.  Grasshoppers  in  California. 
144.  The  Peach- Worm. 

147.  Culture  Work  of  the  Substations. 

148.  Resistant  Vines  and  their  Hybrids. 

149.  California   Sugar   Industry. 

150.  The  Value  of  Oak  Leaves  for  Forage. 

151.  Arsenical   Insecticides. 

152.  Fumigation  Dosage. 

153.  Spraying    with    Distillates. 

154.  Sulfur  Sprays  for  Red  Spider. 
156.  Fowl  Cholera. 

158.  California  Olive  Oil ;   its  Manufacture. 

159.  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Fermentation. 

160.  The  Hop  Aphis. 

161.  Tuberculosis  in  Fowls.      (Reprint.) 

162.  Commercial  Fertilizers.      (Dec.  1,  1904.) 

163.  Pear   Scab. 

164.  Poultry  Feeding  and  Proprietary  Foods.     (Reprint.) 

165.  Asparagus  and  Asparagus  Rust  in  California. 

166.  Spraying  for  Scale  Insects. 

167.  Manufacture  of  Dry  Wines  in  Hot  Countries. 

168.  Observations  on  Some  Vine  Diseases  in  Sonoma  County. 

169.  Tolerance  of  the  Sugar  Beet  for  Alkali. 

170.  Studies  in  Grasshopper  Control. 

171.  Commercial  Fertilizers.      (June  30,  1905.) 

172.  Further  Experience  in  Asparagus  Rust  Control. 

173.  Commercial   Fertilizers.      (December,   1905.) 

174.  A   New   Wine-Cooling  Machine. 

175.  Tomato  Diseases  in  California. 

176.  Sugar  Beets  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

177.  A  New  Method  of  Making  Dry  Red  Wine. 

178.  Mosquito  Control. 

179.  Commercial   Fertilizers.      (June,    1906.) 

180.  Resistant   Vineyards. 

181.  The    Selection   of    Seed-Wheat. 

182.  Analyses  of  Paris  Green  and  Lead  Arsenate.      Proposed  Insecticide  Law. 

183.  The  California  Tussock-moth. 

184.  Report  of  the  Plant  Pathologist  to  July  1,  1906. 


312 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


CIRCULARS. 


No.  1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
7. 
9. 
10. 

11. 

12. 
13. 
15. 

16. 
17. 


Texas   Fever. 

Blackleg. 

Hog  Cholera. 

Anthrax. 

Contagious  Abortion  in  Cows. 

Remedies    for    Insects. 

Asparagus   Rust. 

Reading  Course  in  Economic 

Entomology.      (Revision.) 
Fumigation    Practice. 
Silk  Culture. 

The  Culture  of  the   Sugar  Beet. 
Recent  Problems  in  Agriculture. 

What  a  University  Farm  is  For. 
Notes   on    Seed- Wheat. 
Why     Agriculture     Should    be 

Taught  in  the  Public  Schools. 


No.  18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 
25. 

26. 

27. 


Caterpillars    on    Oaks. 

Disinfection  of  Stables. 

Reading    Course    in    Irrigation. 

The  Advancement  of  Agri- 
cultural  Education. 

Defecation  of  Must  for  White 
Wine. 

Pure  Yeast  in  Wineries. 

Olive    Pickling. 

Suggestions  Regarding  Exam- 
ination  of   Lands. 

Selection  and  Preparation  oi 
Vine    Cuttings. 

Marly  Subsoils  and  the  Chlo- 
rosis or  Yellowing  of  Citrus 
Trees. 


Copies  may  be  had  on  application  to  Director  of  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Gal. 


